Psychological mechanisms in video game monetization: A typology of contemporary strategies beyond loot boxes.

Abstract

Background and aims: Contemporary video game monetization systems are increasingly embedded within gameplay, structuring decision-making and spending. While research has focused on loot boxes, other strategies remain under examined despite relying on similar mechanisms. This study develops a structured typology of monetization systems as integrated design architectures operating through embedded psychological processes.

Methods: A structured, theory-informed synthesis of literature on video game monetization, behavioral design, gambling research, and consumer behavior was conducted. Strategies were organized across mode of value extraction, gameplay integration, and underlying psychological mechanisms.

Results: Four categories were identified: traditional sales, microtransactions, gamblification, and in-game advertising. Across these, recurring mechanisms, including reinforcement processes and cognitive biases (e.g., fear of missing out, loss aversion, near-miss effects), operate across structurally distinct systems and may be associated with outcomes ranging from engagement and consumer-related effects to problematic gaming, gambling-related harm, and behavioral addiction. Conclusions: Monetization strategies function as integrated design systems in which recurring mechanisms shape player behavior. The typology provides a framework for identifying vulnerability markers and informing transparency, consumer protection, and safety-by-design.