Temperature-Modulated Nanoarchitectonics on the Electrochemical Performance of High Energy Supercapacitor Electrodes Derived From Mango Seeds

Abstract

Biomass-derived activated carbon are emerging as a sustainable electrode for high-performance supercapacitors. Mango seed-derived activated carbon was synthesized using chemical activation with H₃PO₄ as an activating agent. Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis of MSAC@800 revealed a high specific surface area of 818 m²/g, providing abundant active sites for ion adsorption. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed that the activated carbon is partially graphitized structure, which improves the electrical conductivity. FE—SEM showed a well-developed porous structure that facilitates efficient ion transport. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of a functional group that enhances the electrochemical performance. MSAC@800 electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 336.94 ± 0.16 F/g and an energy density of 46.76 ± 0.09 Wh/kg at a current density of 2 A/g. The capacitive-controlled contribution reached 85 %, this enhancing the overall capacitance and energy storage. This study demonstrates that mango seed-derived activated carbon is a cost-effective and high-performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications.