Analysis of Genotype-by-Environment Interaction, Farmers' Preferences, and Gender Response in Groundnut Breeding in Tanzania Using Triadic Comparison of Technologies

Abstract

High kernel yield and farmer- and market-preferred traits are overriding considerations for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding, production and adoption. However, yield expression and cultivar selection responses in groundnuts are influenced by genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI) and management conditions. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate GEI to identify high-yielding and stable groundnut genotypes preferred by farmers and markets for breeding or variety recommendations. The objectives of this study were to assess the GEI and farmers' preference traits in groundnut to facilitate the selection of superior genotypes for release and guide breeding with specific or broad adaptation while integrating farmers' and gender perceived traits. The study was conducted across 18 environments representing agroecological zones and potential groundnut production areas in Tanzania. Sixteen genotypes, including two commercial checks, were evaluated in selected locations using a randomized complete block design. Furthermore, on-farm decentralized trials were conducted across 42 locations following the tricot approach. Significant (p < 0.05) variations were detected among the tested genotypes (G), environments (E), and GEI effects on kernel yield. Genotype ICGV-SM 05534 had a relatively highest kernel yield of 927.232 kg ha⁻¹. The GGE biplot identified ICGV-SM 16645 and ICGV-SM 10014 as the most stable genotypes across locations, with mean kernel yields of 936.39 and 877.67 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. The triadic comparison of technologies (TRICOT) analysis identified gender differences in trait preferences among groundnut growers. Early maturity, ease of harvesting and shelling were the most preferred traits by female farmers, and haulm yield by males. Tan color and small-medium kernel seed size were identified as the top traits selected by farmers' overall varietal preferences. Additionally, early maturity is an important trait to consider in the market segment. Farmers' preference traits are crucial during the initial stage of designing the target product profile to increase the adoption of the deployed groundnut variety. The selected genotypes, test environments, and farmer-preferred traits are vital for breeding pipelines, targeted variety release, and production for different target population environments (TPEs) in Tanzania.