50 mm × 50 mm Cesium Atomic Vapor Cell for Terahertz Imaging: Implementation and Application

Abstract

Rydberg atomic sensors offer transformative potential for high-speed, high-sensitivity terahertz (THz) imaging. However, previous systems are hindered by restricted imaging areas, largely due to the compact dimension of atomic vapor cells and inefficient beam-shaping methodologies. We present a THz imaging system with a 50 mm × 50 mm area, enabled by a custom-engineered scaled-up atomic vapor cell and an optimized beam-shaping optical architecture. Experimental validation confirms that this system achieves near-diffraction-limited, high-resolution THz imaging at 0.55 THz under ambient conditions. Furthermore, its capabilities are demonstrated through real-time visualization of the diffusion dynamics of a deionized water droplet in anhydrous ethanol. This work not only expands the boundaries of Rydberg atomic sensors, but also establishes a critical foundation for advancing THz imaging technologies toward into real-world, large-scale applications.