Exercise-induced inflammatory and metabolic adaptations in ageing: A meta-analytic compendium

IF 15.5 1区医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Ageing Research Reviews Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102974

Rocco Sheldon , Andrew Gan , Jennifer Tasong , Audrey Yap , Moiz Ahmad , Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior , Kailash Viswanathan , Naga Sai Manas Setti , Olivia Jarman , Shuayb Hoque-Uddin , Tanisha Banerjee , James E. Turner , Simon W. Jones , Amanda Veiga Sardeli

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Abstract

Background

The relationship between metabolic and inflammatory adaptations with exercise training is poorly quantified. We employed a novel meta-analytical approach to provide an evidence-based framework to guide exercise prescription for health in older adults.

Methods

This systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42025630662) identified controlled exercise training interventions in older adults. We meta-analysed 146 studies assessing body mass, BMI, fat mass, muscle mass, circulating CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, adiponectin, leptin, IGF-1, IL-1β, fasting glucose, insulin, glycated haemoglobin, HOMA-IR, TG, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and VO₂ max. Our novel analytical approach divided studies into “improved” or “not improved” for each variable based on the significant direction of their standardised mean difference (95 % CI), followed by a cross-over subgroup analysis.

Results

Meta-analyses showed that exercise training improved all outcomes, except for IL-1β. Aerobic training showed the greatest overall benefits—except for IGF-1—while resistance training improved most markers but did not reduce body mass and IL-6. A frequency of at least 3 sessions per week was necessary to reduce body mass, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total cholesterol, IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and to increase adiponectin and IGF-1. Shorter interventions (< 12 weeks) led to greater increases in adiponectin and IGF-1 and stronger reductions in TNF-α and IL-1β, suggesting a transient response. Women, unhealthy individuals, and those who were overweight or obese exhibited greater improvements than their counterparts. Anti-inflammatory effects were more pronounced when accompanied by decreases in body mass, fat mass, and improved glucose and lipid metabolism, but was not dependent on those changes.

Conclusion

Aerobic training is the most effective intervention, followed by resistance training, and at least 3 sessions per week (or twice a week for more than 24 weeks) are needed for metabolic and anti-inflammatory adaptations. This compendium provides a reference point for personalised exercise plans for treatment and prevention of chronic diseases—especially for older adults with metabolic conditions.

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衰老过程中运动诱导的炎症和代谢适应：一项荟萃分析纲要。

背景：代谢和炎症适应与运动训练之间的关系很少被量化。我们采用了一种新颖的荟萃分析方法，为指导老年人健康运动处方提供了一个基于证据的框架。方法：本系统综述（PROSPERO: CRD42025630662）确定了老年人的控制运动训练干预措施。我们荟萃分析了146项研究，评估了体重、BMI、脂肪量、肌肉量、循环CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、脂联素、瘦素、IGF-1、IL-1β、空腹血糖、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、HOMA-IR、TG、总胆固醇、LDL-C、HDL-C和最大摄氧量。我们的新分析方法根据标准化平均差异（95% CI）的显著性方向将每个变量的研究分为“改善”或“未改善”，然后进行交叉亚组分析。结果：荟萃分析显示，运动训练改善了除IL-1β外的所有结果。除igf -1外，有氧训练显示出最大的总体效益，而阻力训练改善了大多数标志物，但没有减少体重和IL-6。每周至少3次的频率对于降低体重、胰岛素、HOMA-IR、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、IL-6、TNF-α、瘦素以及增加脂联素和IGF-1是必要的。较短的干预(结论：有氧训练是最有效的干预，其次是阻力训练，每周至少3次（或每周两次，超过24周）需要代谢和抗炎适应。本纲要为治疗和预防慢性疾病的个性化运动计划提供了参考点，特别是对于有代谢疾病的老年人。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Ageing Research Reviews 医学-老年医学

CiteScore

19.80

自引率

2.30%

发文量

216

审稿时长

55 days

期刊介绍： With the rise in average human life expectancy, the impact of ageing and age-related diseases on our society has become increasingly significant. Ageing research is now a focal point for numerous laboratories, encompassing leaders in genetics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, and behavior. Ageing Research Reviews (ARR) serves as a cornerstone in this field, addressing emerging trends. ARR aims to fill a substantial gap by providing critical reviews and viewpoints on evolving discoveries concerning the mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases. The rapid progress in understanding the mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival is unveiling new insights into the regulation of ageing. From telomerase to stem cells, and from energy to oxyradical metabolism, we are witnessing an exciting era in the multidisciplinary field of ageing research. The journal explores the cellular and molecular foundations of interventions that extend lifespan, such as caloric restriction. It identifies the underpinnings of manipulations that extend lifespan, shedding light on novel approaches for preventing age-related diseases. ARR publishes articles on focused topics selected from the expansive field of ageing research, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the aging process. This includes age-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. The journal also covers applications of basic ageing research to lifespan extension and disease prevention, offering a comprehensive platform for advancing our understanding of this critical field.