Biofilms Exposed: Innovative Imaging and Therapeutic Platforms for Persistent Infections.

Abstract

Biofilms constitute a significant challenge in the therapy of infectious diseases, offering remarkable resistance to both pharmacological treatments and immunological elimination. This resilience is orchestrated through the regulation of extracellular polymeric molecules, metabolic dormancy, and quorum sensing, enabling biofilms to persist in both clinical and industrial environments. The resulting resistance exacerbates chronic infections and contributes to mounting economic burdens. This review examines the molecular and structural complexities that drive biofilm persistence and critically outlines the limitations of conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We emphasize advanced technologies such as super-resolution microscopy, microfluidics, and AI-driven modeling that are reshaping our understanding of biofilm dynamics and heterogeneity. Further, we highlight recent progress in biofilm-targeted therapies, including CRISPR-Cas-modified bacteriophages, quorum-sensing antagonists, enzyme-functionalized nanocarriers, and intelligent drug-delivery systems responsive to biofilm-specific cues. We also explore the utility of in vivo and ex vivo models that replicate clinical biofilm complexity and promote translational applicability. Finally, we discuss emerging interventions grounded in synthetic biology, such as engineered probiotic gene circuits and self-regulating microbial consortia, which offer innovative alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. Collectively, these interdisciplinary strategies mark a paradigm shift from reactive antibiotic therapy to precision-guided biofilm management. By integrating cutting-edge technologies with systems biology principles, this review proposes a comprehensive framework for disrupting biofilm architecture and redefining infection treatment in the post-antibiotic era.