A survey of deep learning for industrial visual anomaly detection

Abstract

Industrial visual anomaly detection is critical for ensuring system reliability, safety, and efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art anomaly detection techniques, analyzing methodologies, implementations, and recent advancements. Our survey aims to accelerate researchers’ understanding of emerging trends while providing a structured foundation for newcomers. We systematically review 196 recent papers covering five learning strategies, including fully supervised, semi-supervised, self-supervised, weakly supervised, and unsupervised approaches. This paper provides a detailed introduction to twelve industrial anomaly detection methods, revealing their theoretical foundations, technical principles, and practical applications. Additionally, we provide a detailed overview to 2D and 3D datasets for industrial visual anomaly detection. In addition, we critically analyze and summarize the experimental results, identify key performance indicators, and discuss the latest trends in the field of industrial anomaly detection. Beyond analysis, we contribute actionable insights for selecting optimal models for real-world deployment. Finally, we highlight open challenges and outline future research directions to drive innovation in this evolving field. The detailed resources are available at https://github.com/IHPCRits/IAD-Survey.