Non-Equilibrium in a Dust-Forming Low-Temperature Plasma: A CARS Study

IF 2.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI:10.1007/s11090-025-10578-9

Aishwarya Belamkar, Roman Rosser, Brandon Wagner, Arthur Dogariu, Lorenzo Mangolini

{"title":"Non-Equilibrium in a Dust-Forming Low-Temperature Plasma: A CARS Study","authors":"Aishwarya Belamkar, Roman Rosser, Brandon Wagner, Arthur Dogariu, Lorenzo Mangolini","doi":"10.1007/s11090-025-10578-9","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dust-forming low-temperature plasmas are versatile systems for the production of nanoparticles with tunable functionalities. While attractive from a materials processing point of view, these systems are inherently complex, with several plasma-induced phenomena determining the properties of the produced materials. Here, we characterize a carbon nanoparticle-forming plasma using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), with the primary goal of measuring gas temperature. While gas temperature is typically assumed to be at or slightly above room temperature in these reactors, we measure gas temperatures exceeding 1000 K under typical process conditions. We find a correlation between the gas temperature and the nanoparticle yield, suggesting that the particle nucleation and growth process releases energy within the reaction volume, leading to significant gas heating. In addition, we find that the relaxation of vibrationally excited species at the particle surfaces is a major contributor to their heating. These results underscore the complexity of these systems and the need for their more in-depth characterization using advanced techniques such as CARS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":734,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing","volume":"45 5","pages":"1567 - 1580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11090-025-10578-9","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Dust-forming low-temperature plasmas are versatile systems for the production of nanoparticles with tunable functionalities. While attractive from a materials processing point of view, these systems are inherently complex, with several plasma-induced phenomena determining the properties of the produced materials. Here, we characterize a carbon nanoparticle-forming plasma using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), with the primary goal of measuring gas temperature. While gas temperature is typically assumed to be at or slightly above room temperature in these reactors, we measure gas temperatures exceeding 1000 K under typical process conditions. We find a correlation between the gas temperature and the nanoparticle yield, suggesting that the particle nucleation and growth process releases energy within the reaction volume, leading to significant gas heating. In addition, we find that the relaxation of vibrationally excited species at the particle surfaces is a major contributor to their heating. These results underscore the complexity of these systems and the need for their more in-depth characterization using advanced techniques such as CARS.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

形成尘埃的低温等离子体中的非平衡：CARS研究

形成粉尘的低温等离子体是生产具有可调功能的纳米颗粒的通用系统。虽然从材料加工的角度来看很有吸引力，但这些系统本质上是复杂的，有几种等离子体诱导的现象决定了所生产材料的性质。在这里，我们使用相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱（CARS）来表征碳纳米颗粒形成等离子体，其主要目标是测量气体温度。虽然通常假设这些反应器中的气体温度等于或略高于室温，但我们在典型工艺条件下测量的气体温度超过1000 K。我们发现气体温度与纳米颗粒产率之间存在相关性，表明颗粒成核和生长过程在反应体积内释放能量，导致显著的气体加热。此外，我们发现振动激发态在粒子表面的弛豫是它们加热的主要原因。这些结果强调了这些系统的复杂性，以及使用CARS等先进技术对其进行更深入表征的必要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

8.30%

发文量

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Publishing original papers on fundamental and applied research in plasma chemistry and plasma processing, the scope of this journal includes processing plasmas ranging from non-thermal plasmas to thermal plasmas, and fundamental plasma studies as well as studies of specific plasma applications. Such applications include but are not limited to plasma catalysis, environmental processing including treatment of liquids and gases, biological applications of plasmas including plasma medicine and agriculture, surface modification and deposition, powder and nanostructure synthesis, energy applications including plasma combustion and reforming, resource recovery, coupling of plasmas and electrochemistry, and plasma etching. Studies of chemical kinetics in plasmas, and the interactions of plasmas with surfaces are also solicited. It is essential that submissions include substantial consideration of the role of the plasma, for example, the relevant plasma chemistry, plasma physics or plasma–surface interactions; manuscripts that consider solely the properties of materials or substances processed using a plasma are not within the journal’s scope.