Fuzzy evaluation of institutional leverage points for TOD implementation: the case of Vietnam

Abstract

This study identifies and scores the most crucial hindrances of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Vietnam based on a combination of Best Worst Method (BWM) and Fuzzy TOPSIS method. From experts’ views and community surveys, 24 barriers were evaluated within four dimensions: governance, finance, infrastructure, and society. Results show that the governance and policy barriers carry the highest effects, highlighting that institutional reform is crucial. Notably, new laws-namely the 2024 Land Law and Capital Law-provide a legal framework for TOD, distinguishing Vietnam from other Southeast Asian cities where TOD remains policy-driven without legally binding instruments. The study offers a workable model for TOD development in emerging urban environments.