S. Sharmila , R.S. Bhuvaneswaran , Dhandapani Vaithiyanathan
{"title":"Secure image encryption using Rubik’s Cube-based scrambling with chaos-driven diffusion and circular shifts","authors":"S. Sharmila , R.S. Bhuvaneswaran , Dhandapani Vaithiyanathan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172533","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing exchange of multimedia content in the digital era demands reliable image encryption techniques to ensure data privacy and security. This paper presents an image encryption method that integrates Rubik’s Cube-inspired scrambling with a chaos-based diffusion process to provide strong security while maintaining computational efficiency. The scrambling stage is implemented using iterative modulo-two operations that determine left or right circular shifts for rows and columns, and these operations are deterministic without the involvement of chaotic sequences in controlling their direction or magnitude. In the diffusion stage, logistic-map-generated keys modify pixel intensity values through XOR operations. Comprehensive security analyses, including entropy, NPCR, UACI, correlation coefficients, SSIM, PSNR, chi-square, and NIST statistical test suite assessments, demonstrate strong cryptographic performance. The proposed method achieves an entropy value of 7.99, an NPCR greater than 0.994, and a UACI greater than 0.32, while the correlation coefficients of the encrypted images approach zero in all orientations. Histogram analysis shows a nearly uniform distribution, and low structural similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio values confirm strong encryption with accurate decryption. This approach effectively balances implementation simplicity, security strength, and suitability for real-time hardware applications such as FPGA-based systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 172533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Optik","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402625003213","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"Engineering","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The increasing exchange of multimedia content in the digital era demands reliable image encryption techniques to ensure data privacy and security. This paper presents an image encryption method that integrates Rubik’s Cube-inspired scrambling with a chaos-based diffusion process to provide strong security while maintaining computational efficiency. The scrambling stage is implemented using iterative modulo-two operations that determine left or right circular shifts for rows and columns, and these operations are deterministic without the involvement of chaotic sequences in controlling their direction or magnitude. In the diffusion stage, logistic-map-generated keys modify pixel intensity values through XOR operations. Comprehensive security analyses, including entropy, NPCR, UACI, correlation coefficients, SSIM, PSNR, chi-square, and NIST statistical test suite assessments, demonstrate strong cryptographic performance. The proposed method achieves an entropy value of 7.99, an NPCR greater than 0.994, and a UACI greater than 0.32, while the correlation coefficients of the encrypted images approach zero in all orientations. Histogram analysis shows a nearly uniform distribution, and low structural similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio values confirm strong encryption with accurate decryption. This approach effectively balances implementation simplicity, security strength, and suitability for real-time hardware applications such as FPGA-based systems.
期刊介绍:
Optik publishes articles on all subjects related to light and electron optics and offers a survey on the state of research and technical development within the following fields:
Optics:
-Optics design, geometrical and beam optics, wave optics-
Optical and micro-optical components, diffractive optics, devices and systems-
Photoelectric and optoelectronic devices-
Optical properties of materials, nonlinear optics, wave propagation and transmission in homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials-
Information optics, image formation and processing, holographic techniques, microscopes and spectrometer techniques, and image analysis-
Optical testing and measuring techniques-
Optical communication and computing-
Physiological optics-
As well as other related topics.