Nitrous oxide (N2O) recreational use is increasing across Germany - a survey of the German neurological society among practicing neurologists.

Abstract

Background: Recreational nitrous oxide (N₂O) abuse has become increasingly prevalent, raising concerns about associated health risks. In Germany, the lack of reliable data on N₂O consumption patterns limits the development of effective public health interventions. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by examining trends, determinants, and health consequences of N₂O abuse in Germany.

Methods: A two-phase online survey was conducted from July 17 to September 13, 2024 among members of the German Neurological Society (DGN). In the first phase (101 respondents), the frequency and trends of N₂O-related cases were assessed. In the second phase (17 respondents) detailed information on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches was collected.

Results: Occasional N₂O-related cases were reported in 60% and 5% noted regular occurrences, particularly in the cities of Berlin and Frankfurt/Main. A nation-wide increase in case numbers was observed. Most neurologists treated between 1 and 10 cases annually, with metropolitan regions reporting higher numbers exceeding 30 per year. Myelopathy (94%) and neuropathy (88%) were widely recognized complications, whereas hypercoagulability (24%) and skin alterations (12%) were less frequently acknowledged. Vitamin B₁₂ levels (94%) and differential blood counts (88%) were the most frequently assessed markers, while methylmalonic acid was most often regarded as the key parameter for detecting N₂O-related vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (78%). Treatment predominantly involved intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ (88%), occasionally in combination with methionine (24%). Neurological deficits improved (median modified Rankin Scale score from 3 to 2), but 75% of cases relapsed after renewed N₂O use.

Conclusion: This study provides evidence of widespread N₂O abuse in Germany, with hotspots in Berlin and Frankfurt/Main, and a concerning rise in rural areas. While myelopathy is well recognized among neurologists, other clinical manifestations are underreported. Improved communication, along with standardized diagnostics and treatment protocols, is urgently needed to address the heterogenous awareness of symptomatology, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and therapeutic strategies.