Port operators’ perceptions and acceptance of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) operations: insights from Malaysia

Abstract

Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have emerged as a prominent topic, representing a novel technology pioneered by advanced nations. However, the surging interest in MASS in the shipping landscape of the future has prompted apprehension among port operators worldwide, with concerns spanning various domains, including port operations, safety and security, economic ramifications, workforce implications, legal and regulatory challenges, as well as marine technical and environmental considerations. This research aimed to explore the potential impacts of autonomous vessel operations on maritime ports, with a particular focus on the acceptance levels of major port operators in Peninsular Malaysia. A systematic multiphase mixed-methods approach was used to appropriately analyse the primary and secondary data obtained from a literature review, interviews, and questionnaire survey. Through these methodological avenues, the study identified 21 potential impacts of autonomous vessel operations on port operators. Among these, six key impacts garnered less acceptance from port operators regarding the integration of autonomous vessels into major ports. These impacts encompassed the risks associated with human error, concerns pertaining to insurance and liability, complexity in berth occupancy and port traffic management, the unpredictability of pollution, exploration of natural environments for port development, and the concomitant pressure on environmental preservation efforts. These insights provided a comprehensive overview of the key considerations essential for navigating the path towards integrating future autonomous vessel operations and facilitating development within the maritime industry in Malaysia and worldwide.