Three-Metal Oxide Hollow Lamellar Cube and Oxygen Vacancy Engineering: Construction of a Dual-Mode Sensing Platform and Collaborative Detection Mechanism

Abstract

With increasing public awareness of healthcare, the demand for early screening of cancer biomarkers has grown substantially. Nanozymes, with their unique catalytic and sensing properties, have emerged as promising alternatives in this field. Herein, a cascade catalytic system was developed by integrating natural glucose oxidase with oxygen vacancy-rich trimetallic oxide nanozymes. Through specific immunorecognition, efficient conversion of biological signals into measurable outputs was achieved, enabling the construction of a dual-mode colorimetric and photothermal sensing platform for the sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigens. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the trimetallic synergistic strategy effectively modulates the distribution of active sites and electronic structures. The presence of abundant oxygen vacancies and a multilayered stacked morphology further enhanced the peroxidase-like activity and substrate activation capability. Under optimized conditions, the photothermal mode exhibited a broad linear range from 0.05 to 50 ng mL⁻¹, while the colorimetric mode showed a sensitive response from 0.015 to 100 ng mL⁻¹, with corresponding detection limits of 14.2 and 9.7 pg mL⁻¹, respectively. This work demonstrates that the synergy between multimetallic components and oxygen vacancies can significantly enhance artificial enzyme performance, offering a robust sensing platform with dual-signal output. The strategy not only shows excellent applicability in real sample analysis but also provides a new avenue for high-throughput and multidimensional bioanalytical applications.