Examining Play and Playfulness at Work: Current Knowledge, Practical Applications, and Future Research Directions

Abstract

Playfulness—the ability to frame or reframe situations in an engaging, intellectually stimulating, or entertaining way—is an emerging topic in organizational research. Traditionally seen as the opposite of work, play and playfulness are increasingly recognized for their potential to enhance creativity, motivation, and well-being in professional settings. This review synthesizes theoretical and empirical perspectives on workplace play and playfulness, distinguishing them from related concepts such as humor and creativity. We examine existing models, measurement approaches, and mechanisms through which playfulness may influence workplace outcomes. We highlight the need to consider contextual factors such as job type, organizational culture, and leadership. Open questions remain regarding the optimal level of playfulness, cultural differences, and its long-term impact. Finally, we discuss practical implications for organizations, emphasizing the importance of fostering playfulness through voluntary, context-sensitive approaches that complement meaningful work structures.