Beyond the Breadwinner: A Descriptive Qualitative Study of the Experiences, Challenges, and Mental Health Needs of Fathers in Singapore During the Postpartum Period

Abstract

Postpartum experiences and challenges faced by fathers in Singapore are often overlooked. A more comprehensive understanding is essential to identify areas for supporting fathers' mental health and developing father-inclusive healthcare strategies, ultimately enhancing family-centered care. The perinatal period is challenging for fathers, with shifts in roles, routine changes, and societal pressures which can lead to anxiety or depression, especially during postpartum. The aim of this paper was to explore the experiences, challenges, emotional, and mental health needs of multi-racial fathers in Singapore during postpartum. We used a descriptive qualitative design. Thirteen fathers were recruited through purposive sampling from a single tertiary hospital in Singapore. They were invited to participate in a one-to-one semi-structured interview via Zoom at 1 month postpartum. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: (a) great expectations and self-blame; (b) dual role of provider-caregiver; (c) when family support helps and hurts; (d) visibility of fathers' mental health. We learned that fathers often suppressed emotional struggles due to societal expectations of masculinity. While they valued caregiving support from family, conflicting parenting beliefs caused tension. Fathers also faced financial pressures, frequently assuming provider roles despite dual-income households, alongside active caregiving responsibilities. The findings highlight the need for discreet, gender-sensitive mental health support, such as routine check-ins and male-oriented services that are tailored to fathers' needs. Future research should develop diagnostic tools specific to paternal postpartum depression for better identification and support.