Understanding the influence of TLR-mediated immune system on necroptosis-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease

IF 12.4 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY
Vaishnavi Suresh Jadhav, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and neurotropic viral infections. Although the precise etiology remains unclear, multiple pathological mechanisms contribute to disease progression, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, calcium excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, immune system activation, and neuroinflammation. Among these, the immune response plays a crucial role in disease pathogenesis, acting as a defense mechanism against damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and toxic molecular species. Chronic immune activation, particularly of microglia, is a defining feature of neuroinflammation, which involves both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia-mediated neuroinflammation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, exacerbating neuronal damage. Necroptosis, a regulated form of programmed cell death, has been implicated in neuroinflammatory disorders, including PD. Persistent microglial activation in response to aggregated proteins stimulates various microglial receptors, which includes Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), that play a pivotal role in necroptosis activation via the myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MYD88)-independent pathway. This review explores how immune system-mediated receptor activation triggers cell death pathways, with a focus on TLR-induced necroptosis in PD. In addition, we also discuss various downstream molecular mechanisms linking TLR signaling to necroptosis and discuss the potential of TLRs as therapeutic targets, offering insights for developing neuroprotective strategies in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDS).
了解tlr介导的免疫系统对帕金森病坏死诱导的神经变性的影响
神经退行性变是各种神经系统疾病的标志,包括帕金森病(PD)、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、中风和嗜神经病毒感染。虽然确切的病因尚不清楚,但多种病理机制有助于疾病进展,包括线粒体功能障碍、蛋白质聚集、钙兴奋性毒性、内质网应激、氧化应激、免疫系统激活和神经炎症。其中,免疫应答在疾病发病机制中起着至关重要的作用,它是一种防御损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs)、病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)和有毒分子物种的机制。慢性免疫激活,特别是小胶质细胞,是神经炎症的一个决定性特征,它涉及先天和适应性免疫反应。在中枢神经系统(CNS)中,小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症导致促炎细胞因子的释放,加剧神经元损伤。坏死性上睑下垂是一种程序性细胞死亡的调节形式,与包括帕金森病在内的神经炎性疾病有关。小胶质细胞对聚集蛋白的持续激活刺激各种小胶质受体,其中包括toll样受体4 (TLR4),它通过髓样分化初级反应基因88 (MYD88)独立通路在坏死坏死激活中起关键作用。这篇综述探讨了免疫系统介导的受体激活如何触发细胞死亡途径,重点是tlr诱导的帕金森病坏死。此外,我们还讨论了将TLR信号传导与坏死性下垂联系起来的各种下游分子机制,并讨论了TLR作为治疗靶点的潜力,为开发神经退行性疾病(NDDS)的神经保护策略提供见解。
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来源期刊
Ageing Research Reviews
Ageing Research Reviews 医学-老年医学
CiteScore
19.80
自引率
2.30%
发文量
216
审稿时长
55 days
期刊介绍: With the rise in average human life expectancy, the impact of ageing and age-related diseases on our society has become increasingly significant. Ageing research is now a focal point for numerous laboratories, encompassing leaders in genetics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, and behavior. Ageing Research Reviews (ARR) serves as a cornerstone in this field, addressing emerging trends. ARR aims to fill a substantial gap by providing critical reviews and viewpoints on evolving discoveries concerning the mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases. The rapid progress in understanding the mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival is unveiling new insights into the regulation of ageing. From telomerase to stem cells, and from energy to oxyradical metabolism, we are witnessing an exciting era in the multidisciplinary field of ageing research. The journal explores the cellular and molecular foundations of interventions that extend lifespan, such as caloric restriction. It identifies the underpinnings of manipulations that extend lifespan, shedding light on novel approaches for preventing age-related diseases. ARR publishes articles on focused topics selected from the expansive field of ageing research, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the aging process. This includes age-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. The journal also covers applications of basic ageing research to lifespan extension and disease prevention, offering a comprehensive platform for advancing our understanding of this critical field.
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