{"title":"Understanding the influence of TLR-mediated immune system on necroptosis-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Vaishnavi Suresh Jadhav, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102872","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and neurotropic viral infections. Although the precise etiology remains unclear, multiple pathological mechanisms contribute to disease progression, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, calcium excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, immune system activation, and neuroinflammation. Among these, the immune response plays a crucial role in disease pathogenesis, acting as a defense mechanism against damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and toxic molecular species. Chronic immune activation, particularly of microglia, is a defining feature of neuroinflammation, which involves both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia-mediated neuroinflammation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, exacerbating neuronal damage. Necroptosis, a regulated form of programmed cell death, has been implicated in neuroinflammatory disorders, including PD. Persistent microglial activation in response to aggregated proteins stimulates various microglial receptors, which includes Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), that play a pivotal role in necroptosis activation via the myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MYD88)-independent pathway. This review explores how immune system-mediated receptor activation triggers cell death pathways, with a focus on TLR-induced necroptosis in PD. In addition, we also discuss various downstream molecular mechanisms linking TLR signaling to necroptosis and discuss the potential of TLRs as therapeutic targets, offering insights for developing neuroprotective strategies in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102872"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ageing Research Reviews","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163725002181","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CELL BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and neurotropic viral infections. Although the precise etiology remains unclear, multiple pathological mechanisms contribute to disease progression, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, calcium excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, immune system activation, and neuroinflammation. Among these, the immune response plays a crucial role in disease pathogenesis, acting as a defense mechanism against damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and toxic molecular species. Chronic immune activation, particularly of microglia, is a defining feature of neuroinflammation, which involves both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia-mediated neuroinflammation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, exacerbating neuronal damage. Necroptosis, a regulated form of programmed cell death, has been implicated in neuroinflammatory disorders, including PD. Persistent microglial activation in response to aggregated proteins stimulates various microglial receptors, which includes Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), that play a pivotal role in necroptosis activation via the myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MYD88)-independent pathway. This review explores how immune system-mediated receptor activation triggers cell death pathways, with a focus on TLR-induced necroptosis in PD. In addition, we also discuss various downstream molecular mechanisms linking TLR signaling to necroptosis and discuss the potential of TLRs as therapeutic targets, offering insights for developing neuroprotective strategies in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDS).
期刊介绍:
With the rise in average human life expectancy, the impact of ageing and age-related diseases on our society has become increasingly significant. Ageing research is now a focal point for numerous laboratories, encompassing leaders in genetics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, and behavior. Ageing Research Reviews (ARR) serves as a cornerstone in this field, addressing emerging trends.
ARR aims to fill a substantial gap by providing critical reviews and viewpoints on evolving discoveries concerning the mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases. The rapid progress in understanding the mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival is unveiling new insights into the regulation of ageing. From telomerase to stem cells, and from energy to oxyradical metabolism, we are witnessing an exciting era in the multidisciplinary field of ageing research.
The journal explores the cellular and molecular foundations of interventions that extend lifespan, such as caloric restriction. It identifies the underpinnings of manipulations that extend lifespan, shedding light on novel approaches for preventing age-related diseases. ARR publishes articles on focused topics selected from the expansive field of ageing research, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the aging process. This includes age-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. The journal also covers applications of basic ageing research to lifespan extension and disease prevention, offering a comprehensive platform for advancing our understanding of this critical field.