Comprehensive Analysis of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis: Algae for Food Well-Being and Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

This study investigates the nutritional and bioactive properties of Chlorella vulgaris (chlorella) and Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) to explore their potential applications in food sector and sustainable agriculture. The study involved comprehensive metabolite profiling using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, analysis of volatile organic compounds via gas chromatography (GC), and carotenoid quantification through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Risk elements and mineral content were determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, while the fatty acid profile was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays. The antimicrobial potential was assessed using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods, along with antibiofilm activity tested against plant phytopathogens. Results showed that C. vulgaris contains high levels of sucrose (18.47 mg/g), while A. platensis has elevated glutamate (7.73 mg/g) and lactate (3.65 mg/g). The volatile compound analysis of C. vulgaris and A. platensis showed that both algae are predominantly composed of alcohols, C. vulgaris 63.56% and A. platensis 60.81%. A. platensis exhibited superior antioxidant efficacy compared to C. vulgaris. Both algae showed the largest zones of inhibition against Xanthomonas arboricola and the filamentous fungus Monilia fructigena. In addition, both species showed strong antibiofilm activity against P. megaterium. The results indicate that both algae are rich in valuable bioactive compounds with potential applications in sustainable agriculture and food production. Extracts from C. vulgaris and A. platensis demonstrated promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, highlighting their potential as natural biocontrol agents and alternatives to synthetic pesticides and additives. Their incorporation into agricultural systems could help reduce environmental impact and support the development of more sustainable food systems.