Emerging sulfur quantum dots: from synthesis strategies to optical property engineering towards multidisciplinary applications

Abstract

Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs), a novel class of semiconductor nanomaterials, have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional luminescent properties, robust biocompatibility, low toxicity antibacterial activity, and facile functionalization. Despite the many advantages of SQDs, a systematic and comprehensive review, especially regarding their future development directions and challenges, is still lacking. This gap hampers a cohesive understanding of the field and limits the ability to harness their full potential. In this review, we present a detailed examination of the synthesis strategies employed for SQDs, alongside an in-depth discussion on the modulation of their optical properties and their diverse applications across fields such as biomedicine, catalysis, and optoelectronics. Furthermore, we highlight critical challenges and future directions in the preparation and practical deployment of SQDs, offering insights into overcoming current limitations. By providing a holistic perspective, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for advancing SQDs research and unlocking their transformative potential in emerging technologies.