{"title":"Crystallization control of CH3NH3PbI3 film in inverted perovskite solar cells via atmospheric vapor-assisted deposition","authors":"Zahra Saki , Nima Taghavinia","doi":"10.1016/j.tsf.2025.140745","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is highly dependent on the halide perovskite film quality, i.e. crystallinity, surface coverage, and morphology. Conventionally, the antisolvent treatment is used to form high-quality halide perovskite films, but it is not a scale-up-friendly method. Antisolvent-free methods usually have the challenge of proper crystallization, as well as pinhole or coverage issues. Here, we explore a vapor-assisted deposition to study how we can approach a high-quality and pinhole-free CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) perovskite film formation process in inverted PSCs. Furthermore, the MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite films are formed by exposing PbI<sub>2</sub> thin film to CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>I (MAI) vapor in air. To reach a crystalline and uniform MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite film, the effect of reaction temperature (130 – 170 °C) and reaction time (0.5 – 2.5 h) between PbI<sub>2</sub>-coated films and MAI vapor on the MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite film formation and resultant device performance has been explored. The detailed surface morphological, optical, and structural characterizations explicitly reveal that the pinhole-free, fully crystalline, and high-quality MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite film forms at the reaction temperature and reaction time of 150 °C and 2.0 h, respectively. In addition, the device employing MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite films prepared at the optimal reaction temperature and reaction time attains a champion power conversion efficiency of 14.3 %. Besides, the long-term stability test demonstrates that the inverted PSCs keep 80 % of their initial performance after 20 days of storage under dark ambient conditions (∼ 25 °C; 25 – 40 % humidity).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23182,"journal":{"name":"Thin Solid Films","volume":"825 ","pages":"Article 140745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Thin Solid Films","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609025001452","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The performance of halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is highly dependent on the halide perovskite film quality, i.e. crystallinity, surface coverage, and morphology. Conventionally, the antisolvent treatment is used to form high-quality halide perovskite films, but it is not a scale-up-friendly method. Antisolvent-free methods usually have the challenge of proper crystallization, as well as pinhole or coverage issues. Here, we explore a vapor-assisted deposition to study how we can approach a high-quality and pinhole-free CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite film formation process in inverted PSCs. Furthermore, the MAPbI3 perovskite films are formed by exposing PbI2 thin film to CH3NH3I (MAI) vapor in air. To reach a crystalline and uniform MAPbI3 perovskite film, the effect of reaction temperature (130 – 170 °C) and reaction time (0.5 – 2.5 h) between PbI2-coated films and MAI vapor on the MAPbI3 perovskite film formation and resultant device performance has been explored. The detailed surface morphological, optical, and structural characterizations explicitly reveal that the pinhole-free, fully crystalline, and high-quality MAPbI3 perovskite film forms at the reaction temperature and reaction time of 150 °C and 2.0 h, respectively. In addition, the device employing MAPbI3 perovskite films prepared at the optimal reaction temperature and reaction time attains a champion power conversion efficiency of 14.3 %. Besides, the long-term stability test demonstrates that the inverted PSCs keep 80 % of their initial performance after 20 days of storage under dark ambient conditions (∼ 25 °C; 25 – 40 % humidity).
期刊介绍:
Thin Solid Films is an international journal which serves scientists and engineers working in the fields of thin-film synthesis, characterization, and applications. The field of thin films, which can be defined as the confluence of materials science, surface science, and applied physics, has become an identifiable unified discipline of scientific endeavor.