Color image blind watermarking algorithm based on the feature of energy concentration

IF 5 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI:10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113472

Yunfei Qiu , Shuai Jiao , Xiaodong Chen , Lin Su , Xuefeng Wei , Qingtang Su

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

With the growing prevalence of digital images, ensuring their security and resolving copyright disputes have become critical challenges. According to the feature of image energy concentration, a novel blind watermarking method for color images, using discrete cosine transform (DCT), Laplace transform (LT), and the water cycle algorithm (WCA), is proposed in this paper. The watermark image is scrambled to generate a binary sequence by a two-dimensional logistic adjusted sine map (2D-LASM). The colour host image undergoes dimensionally reduction, 4 × 4 block division, and DCT. A 2 × 2 low-frequency coefficient block is selected, and its energy is aggregated using Laplace transform. Watermark embedding is achieved via quantization index modulation on the highest energy coefficients. WCA optimizes the embedding step size to balance robustness and invisibility, while geometric correction enhances resilience against attacks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme has excellent invisibility (PSNR≈42 dB, SSIM≈0.97) and strong robustness (NC≈0.95). Additionally, the scheme achieves an embedding capacity of 0.03125 bpp and excellent security, setting a new benchmark for colour image watermarking solutions.

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基于能量集中特征的彩色图像盲水印算法

随着数字图像的日益普及，确保其安全并解决版权纠纷已成为一个严峻的挑战。针对图像能量集中的特点，提出了一种基于离散余弦变换（DCT）、拉普拉斯变换（LT）和水循环算法（WCA）的彩色图像盲水印方法。利用二维逻辑调整正弦映射（2D-LASM）对水印图像进行置乱，生成二值序列。对彩色主图像进行降维、4 × 4块分割和DCT处理。选取一个2 × 2的低频系数块，利用拉普拉斯变换对其能量进行聚合。水印嵌入是通过对最高能量系数进行量化指标调制实现的。WCA优化了嵌入步长，以平衡鲁棒性和不可见性，而几何校正增强了抗攻击的弹性。实验结果表明，该方案具有良好的不可见性（PSNR≈42 dB, SSIM≈0.97）和较强的鲁棒性（NC≈0.95）。此外，该方案实现了0.03125 bpp的嵌入容量和良好的安全性，为彩色图像水印解决方案树立了新的标杆。

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来源期刊

Optics and Laser Technology 物理-光学

CiteScore

8.50

自引率

10.00%

发文量

1060

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： Optics & Laser Technology aims to provide a vehicle for the publication of a broad range of high quality research and review papers in those fields of scientific and engineering research appertaining to the development and application of the technology of optics and lasers. Papers describing original work in these areas are submitted to rigorous refereeing prior to acceptance for publication. The scope of Optics & Laser Technology encompasses, but is not restricted to, the following areas: •development in all types of lasers •developments in optoelectronic devices and photonics •developments in new photonics and optical concepts •developments in conventional optics, optical instruments and components •techniques of optical metrology, including interferometry and optical fibre sensors •LIDAR and other non-contact optical measurement techniques, including optical methods in heat and fluid flow •applications of lasers to materials processing, optical NDT display (including holography) and optical communication •research and development in the field of laser safety including studies of hazards resulting from the applications of lasers (laser safety, hazards of laser fume) •developments in optical computing and optical information processing •developments in new optical materials •developments in new optical characterization methods and techniques •developments in quantum optics •developments in light assisted micro and nanofabrication methods and techniques •developments in nanophotonics and biophotonics •developments in imaging processing and systems