Comparative analysis of the multi-element and pharmacological composition of Gastrodia elata blume from different geographic origins

Abstract

Gastrodia elata Blume tuber is widely recognized as both a food and medicine substance valued for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, environmental factors significantly influence its quality, medicinal efficacy, and overall value, making it crucial to comprehensively understand the quality of G. elata from different geographical origins. This study aims to discriminate G. elata specimens originating from three distinct geographical regions in China through comparative analysis of multi-element composition and pharmacological active ingredients. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Inductively coupled plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), we quantified 17 elements and 6 active ingredients across the samples. Multivariate statistical methods, including cluster heatmap, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were employed to assess compositional differences and identify potential biomarkers. Our results showed significant variations in both the chemical and mineral composition of the samples. Multivariate statistics indicated that HBA, PE, PB, and Fe, K, Ca, Mn, P, Na, Cu, Mg, and B were the potential markers for discrimination of G. elata from Shaanxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. These findings demonstrate the potential of the developed analytical strategy for the identification and discrimination of G. elata from different regions, which integrated pharmacological composition with multi-element as the potential markers.