Implementation Drivers of COVID-19 Prevention Strategies in K-12 School Settings: A Qualitative Analysis

Abstract

Background

In August 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released guidance to prevent transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in K-12 education settings. Schools varied in the degree to which they were able to implement COVID-19 prevention strategies during the height of the pandemic.

Methods

An evaluation team conducted interviews with state education staff and focus groups with district and school staff over 2 years to explore contextual factors that influenced the implementation of CDC's recommended COVID-19 prevention strategies.

Results

Eight implementation drivers influenced COVID-19 response efforts in school settings, including COVID-19 guidance, political climate, communication challenges, state health and education agency support, partnerships, physical and financial resources, staffing, and student needs.

Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity

Evaluation results offer insights for future guidance and support for schools and educators as they continue efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases for safe in-person learning.

Conclusions

The authors describe key drivers and conditions that influenced, facilitated, and/or impeded schools' implementation of COVID-19 prevention strategies. Federal, state, district, and school leadership can use the results to bolster future emergency preparedness and response efforts to protect student and school employee health.