Enhancing biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate: Impacts of co-solvent and molecular sieves under high-temperature conditions

IF 1.9 4区农林科学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI:10.1002/aocs.12943

Santichai Inrit, Supranee Patisuwan, Prodpran Khamon, Suparat Peaklin, Yutthapong Pianroj, Chatchawan Chotimarkorn, Sirusa Kritsanapuntu, Teerasak Punvichai

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Abstract

This study explores biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), focusing on optimizing the esterification process through the use of co-solvents and molecular sieves under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Palm fatty acid distillate, a low-value by-product of crude palm oil refining, was used as a feedstock with a free fatty acid (FFA) content of 88.4%. Esterification was conducted in a 400-L batch reactor at 130 °C and 15 bar, using methanol at a molar ratio of 1:3.7 and 1.834 wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Co-solvents such as dichlorobenzene enhanced miscibility, while molecular sieves effectively removed water to increase reaction efficiency. The optimized process achieved a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 97.44% within 30 min, meeting European Standard EN 14214:2003. The study highlights the potential of PFAD as an economical and sustainable biodiesel feedstock, with production costs of 0.45 USD per liter. This research contributes to the development of high-efficiency biodiesel production processes that reduce reliance on fossil fuels and support renewable energy initiatives.

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棕榈脂肪酸馏分提高生物柴油产量：高温条件下共溶剂和分子筛的影响

本研究探索了棕榈脂肪酸馏出物（PFAD）生产生物柴油，重点研究了在高温高压条件下，通过使用共溶剂和分子筛优化酯化过程。以棕榈油精制的低价值副产物棕榈脂肪酸馏出物为原料，游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量为88.4%。在400 l间歇式反应器中进行酯化反应，反应温度为130℃，温度为15 bar，甲醇摩尔比为1:37，硫酸为1.834 wt%。二氯苯等共溶剂增强了混溶性，而分子筛有效地除去了水，提高了反应效率。优化后的工艺在30 min内得到脂肪酸甲酯（FAME）的收率为97.44%，符合欧洲标准EN 14214:2003。该研究强调了PFAD作为经济和可持续的生物柴油原料的潜力，生产成本为每升0.45美元。这项研究有助于开发高效生物柴油生产工艺，减少对化石燃料的依赖，并支持可再生能源倡议。

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来源期刊

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 工程技术-食品科技

CiteScore

4.10

自引率

5.00%

发文量

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (JAOCS) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes significant original scientific research and technological advances on fats, oils, oilseed proteins, and related materials through original research articles, invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the editor. We seek to publish reports that will significantly advance scientific understanding through hypothesis driven research, innovations, and important new information pertaining to analysis, properties, processing, products, and applications of these food and industrial resources. Breakthroughs in food science and technology, biotechnology (including genomics, biomechanisms, biocatalysis and bioprocessing), and industrial products and applications are particularly appropriate. JAOCS also considers reports on the lipid composition of new, unique, and traditional sources of lipids that definitively address a research hypothesis and advances scientific understanding. However, the genus and species of the source must be verified by appropriate means of classification. In addition, the GPS location of the harvested materials and seed or vegetative samples should be deposited in an accredited germplasm repository. Compositional data suitable for Original Research Articles must embody replicated estimate of tissue constituents, such as oil, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, phospholipid, tocopherol, sterol, and carotenoid compositions. Other components unique to the specific plant or animal source may be reported. Furthermore, lipid composition papers should incorporate elements of yeartoyear, environmental, and/ or cultivar variations through use of appropriate statistical analyses.