Essential oil extracted from Hirami lemon (Citrus reticulata var. depressa) agricultural waste promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells

IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

NFS Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI:10.1016/j.nfs.2025.100232

Chung-Hsuan Wang , Ying-Hao Yeo , Chia-Hsin Lin , Mo-rong Xu , Sheng-Yang Wang

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Abstract

With increasing awareness of the circular economy, extracting valuable components from agricultural waste offers opportunities to create high-value products. Citrus reticulata var. depressa (CD), endemic to Taiwan, produces sour fruits mainly for juice, leaving significant peel waste. In this study, we extract essential oil (CDEO) from CD peels and examines its effects on skeletal muscle energy metabolism. ATP measurements and mitochondrial staining show that CDEO enhances ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mass in C₂C₁₂ cells. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicate that CDEO activates the p-AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway and upregulates Nrf1, Nrf2, and TFAM expression. Among the identified constituents, γ-terpinene was found to be the major bioactive compound, capable of promoting ATP production and mitochondrial biogenesis. Future studies should further investigate mitochondrial function and evaluate its anti-fatigue potential using in vivo models.

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从Hirami柠檬（Citrus reticulata vara . depressa）农业废弃物中提取的精油促进C2C12骨骼肌细胞线粒体生物发生

随着循环经济意识的增强，从农业废弃物中提取有价值的成分为创造高价值产品提供了机会。台湾特有种柑橘（Citrus reticulata var. depressa， CD）产酸果，主要为榨汁用，果皮浪费严重。在这项研究中，我们从CD皮中提取精油（CDEO），并研究其对骨骼肌能量代谢的影响。ATP测量和线粒体染色显示，CDEO提高了C2C12细胞的ATP含量、线粒体膜电位和质量。RT-PCR和Western blot分析表明，CDEO激活p-AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α通路，上调Nrf1、Nrf2和TFAM的表达。在鉴定的成分中，γ-萜烯被发现是主要的生物活性化合物，能够促进ATP的产生和线粒体的生物发生。未来的研究应进一步研究线粒体功能，并利用体内模型评估其抗疲劳潜力。

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来源期刊

NFS Journal Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Food Science

CiteScore

11.10

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

29 days

期刊介绍： The NFS Journal publishes high-quality original research articles and methods papers presenting cutting-edge scientific advances as well as review articles on current topics in all areas of nutrition and food science. The journal particularly invites submission of articles that deal with subjects on the interface of nutrition and food research and thus connect both disciplines. The journal offers a new form of submission Registered Reports (see below). NFS Journal is a forum for research in the following areas: • Understanding the role of dietary factors (macronutrients and micronutrients, phytochemicals, bioactive lipids and peptides etc.) in disease prevention and maintenance of optimum health • Prevention of diet- and age-related pathologies by nutritional approaches • Advances in food technology and food formulation (e.g. novel strategies to reduce salt, sugar, or trans-fat contents etc.) • Nutrition and food genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics • Identification and characterization of food components • Dietary sources and intake of nutrients and bioactive compounds • Food authentication and quality • Nanotechnology in nutritional and food sciences • (Bio-) Functional properties of foods • Development and validation of novel analytical and research methods • Age- and gender-differences in biological activities and the bioavailability of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals and other dietary factors • Food safety and toxicology • Food and nutrition security • Sustainability of food production