A low-cost bidirectional laser communication system for pH and temperature monitoring of Teluk Seruo Lake, Indonesia

IF 5.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117679

Assaidah , Rendy M. Wahid , Ilham Affandy , Saifudin Juri , Menik Ariani , Khairul Saleh , Yulia Fitri , Khaeriah Dahlan , Feriska Handayani Irka

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Abstract

There has been limited infrastructure to run the automatic monitoring of environmental qualities in Indonesia. Therefore, a low-cost prototype of bidirectional communication based on visible light (laser) using an Arduino board had been designed for telemonitoring the pH and temperature of the underwater environment. The monitoring was made upon a user’s request to save battery power and digital memory capacity. By installing the sensors to the transceivers, the collected data was modulated by red laser frequency using 1 and 2-pulse-width-modulation (PWM) schemes. The laser beam was captured by solar cells that have dual functions i.e. photo-detector and power-generator. Thus, it became a self-powered modem. A user can start the sensor measurement anytime by pushing the button on the website. Then the instruction was sent to Modem I which was located on the lakeside via the radio frequency (RF) signal. Modem I passed the order to Modem II −which was floating in the middle of the lake, through a red laser beam. Modem II asked sensors to measure pH and temperature at the requested time. After seconds, the sensor data were delivered back to the user and stored in the website database. The design had been tested to monitor the pH and temperature of Teluk Seruo Lake’s water. The data shown on the website was similar to the conventional pH- and thermo-meter showed i.e. 4.29 and 30.1 °C, respectively.

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一种低成本的双向激光通信系统，用于印尼泰鲁克塞罗湖的pH和温度监测

印尼环境质量自动监测的基础设施有限。因此，设计了一种基于可见光（激光）的低成本双向通信原型，利用Arduino板远程监测水下环境的pH值和温度。监控是根据用户的要求进行的，以节省电池电量和数字存储容量。通过将传感器安装到收发器上，收集到的数据通过红色激光频率使用1和2脉宽调制（PWM）方案进行调制。激光束被太阳能电池捕获，太阳能电池具有双重功能，即光电探测器和发电机。因此，它成为一个自供电调制解调器。用户可以随时通过按下网站上的按钮开始传感器测量。然后将指令通过射频（RF）信号发送到位于湖边的调制解调器1。调制解调器1号通过一束红色的激光把命令传给了漂浮在湖中央的调制解调器2号。调制解调器II要求传感器在要求的时间测量pH值和温度。几秒钟后，传感器数据被传送回用户并存储在网站数据库中。该设计已经过测试，以监测拔鹿色若湖水的pH值和温度。网站上显示的数据与传统的pH和温度计显示的数据相似，分别为4.29和30.1°C。

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来源期刊

Measurement 工程技术-工程：综合

CiteScore

10.20

自引率

12.50%

发文量

1589

审稿时长

12.1 months

期刊介绍： Contributions are invited on novel achievements in all fields of measurement and instrumentation science and technology. Authors are encouraged to submit novel material, whose ultimate goal is an advancement in the state of the art of: measurement and metrology fundamentals, sensors, measurement instruments, measurement and estimation techniques, measurement data processing and fusion algorithms, evaluation procedures and methodologies for plants and industrial processes, performance analysis of systems, processes and algorithms, mathematical models for measurement-oriented purposes, distributed measurement systems in a connected world.