Phthalate esters in tap water in Ağrı, Turkey: A descriptive cross-sectional study on daily exposure and health risk assessment for adults

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107639

Merve Ekici , Gursel Isci , Ayse Berivan Bakan

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Abstract

The research aimed to investigate the presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in tap water samples from Ağrı province, Turkey, and evaluate the associated health risks. Among the analyzed PAEs, DNOP (11.04 ± 5.87 ng/mL), DINP (11.14 ± 5.55 ng/mL), DBP (7.96 ± 5.10 ng/mL), BBP (0.92 ± 0.12 ng/mL), DMP (11.30 ± 18.57 ng/mL), DIDP (9.80 ± 4.89 ng/mL), DEP (17.90 ± 0.98 ng/mL), and DEHP (10.39 ± 4.52 ng/mL) were found to be the most prevalent plasticizers in the tap water samples. Health risk assessments indicated that the estimated daily intake (EDI) values for PAEs were significantly lower than regulatory limits, with exposure levels well below the group tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 μg/kg BW/day. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for PAEs in tap water was below 1, suggesting no significant non-carcinogenic risks, while the Carcinogenic Risk (CR) for DEHP and BBP was negligible, with CR values well below the threshold of 1 × 10⁻⁶. The average EDI for both males and females remained 10–100 times lower than EFSA's TDI values, indicating minimal health risks. In conclusion, while PAEs were detected in tap water, their concentrations were within safe limits, and no significant carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks were identified, confirming the safety of tap water consumption according to current guidelines.

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土耳其Ağrı自来水中的邻苯二甲酸酯：成人日常接触和健康风险评估的描述性横断面研究

本研究旨在调查土耳其Ağrı省自来水样本中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的存在，并评估相关的健康风险。在分析PAEs DNOP(11.04 ±5.87  ng / mL), DINP(11.14 ±5.55  ng / mL),菲律宾(7.96 ±5.10  ng / mL), BBP(0.92 ±0.12  ng / mL), DMP(11.30 ±18.57  ng / mL), DIDP(9.80 ±4.89  ng / mL),大(17.90 ±0.98  ng / mL),以及DEHP(10.39 ±4.52  ng / mL)被发现是最普遍的增塑剂的自来水样本。健康风险评估表明，PAEs的估计每日摄入量（EDI）值显著低于监管限值，暴露水平远低于50 μg/kg体重/天的组可耐受日摄入量（TDI）。自来水中PAEs的目标危害商（THQ）低于1，表明没有显著的非致癌风险，而DEHP和BBP的致癌风险（CR）可以忽略不计，CR值远低于1 × 10⁻26。男性和女性的平均EDI仍比欧洲食品安全局的TDI值低10-100 倍，表明健康风险最小。综上所示，虽然自来水中检测到PAEs，但其浓度在安全范围内，没有发现显著的致癌或非致癌风险，根据现行指南确认了自来水的安全性。

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来源期刊

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 工程技术-食品科技

CiteScore

6.20

自引率

11.60%

发文量

601

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Food Composition and Analysis publishes manuscripts on scientific aspects of data on the chemical composition of human foods, with particular emphasis on actual data on composition of foods; analytical methods; studies on the manipulation, storage, distribution and use of food composition data; and studies on the statistics, use and distribution of such data and data systems. The Journal''s basis is nutrient composition, with increasing emphasis on bioactive non-nutrient and anti-nutrient components. Papers must provide sufficient description of the food samples, analytical methods, quality control procedures and statistical treatments of the data to permit the end users of the food composition data to evaluate the appropriateness of such data in their projects. The Journal does not publish papers on: microbiological compounds; sensory quality; aromatics/volatiles in food and wine; essential oils; organoleptic characteristics of food; physical properties; or clinical papers and pharmacology-related papers.