Assessment of human health risks and heavy metal accumulation in some types of vegetables consumed in Kurdistan region of Iraq

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107635

Hiwa Mohammad Qadr , Alla Ahmed Muhamad Amin

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Globally, vegetable consumption is enormous because vegetables are an important source of vitamins and other nutrients. Contaminated vegetables are the most likely source of heavy metal exposure. Hence, determining heavy metal concentrations in commonly consumed vegetables is crucial. Heavy metal contamination in vegetables grown in the industrialized districts of Pshder and Rania was investigated for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). The detection of heavy metals was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). The results showed that the mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in vegetable samples were 0.058 ± 0.042, 0.569 ± 0.552, 1.123 ± 0.887, and 1.525 ± 1.0 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The mean values of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the selected vegetables were below the FAO/ WHO safe limits, while Pb exceeded the FAO/ WHO. The highest mean levels of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were detected in zucchini, lettuce, onion, and broccoli. In addition to assessing the human health risk, experimental data were used to estimate daily intake, hazard quotient, and hazard index for both adults and children. The estimated daily intake of these metals through vegetables for both adults and children was found to be below the provisional tolerable daily intake values (PTDI). The hazard quotient for Pb exceeded threshold values when consuming vegetables, indicating a potential risk for adults and children. Similarly, the hazard index in most studied samples was found to be greater than 1. The findings of this study underscore the critical need for the development and implementation of robust mitigation strategies to ensure food safety and safeguard public health. It is essential to employ targeted approaches, including rigorous monitoring, adherence to best practices, and enhanced public awareness, to effectively address food safety concerns and protect the well-being of the population.

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对伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区食用的某些蔬菜的人体健康风险和重金属积累的评估

全球蔬菜消费量巨大，因为蔬菜是维生素和其他营养物质的重要来源。受污染的蔬菜是重金属接触的最可能来源。因此，确定常见蔬菜中的重金属浓度至关重要。对普希德和拉尼亚工业区蔬菜中镉、铅、铜、锌等重金属污染进行了调查。采用能量色散x射线荧光光谱（EDXRF）对重金属进行了检测。结果表明,平均浓度的Cd,铅、铜、锌在蔬菜样本0.058 ± 0.042,0.569 ± 0.552,1.123 ± 0.887,和1.525 ±1.0  毫克 公斤−1,分别。所选蔬菜中Cd、Cu和Zn的平均值均低于FAO/ WHO安全限值，Pb的平均值高于FAO/ WHO安全限值。Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的平均含量最高的是西葫芦、生菜、洋葱和西兰花。除了评估人体健康风险外，还利用实验数据估计成人和儿童的每日摄入量、危害商和危害指数。研究发现，成人和儿童每天通过蔬菜摄入这些金属的估计量低于临时每日可耐受摄入量（PTDI）。食用蔬菜时铅的危害系数超过阈值，表明成人和儿童存在潜在风险。同样，大多数研究样本的危害指数都大于1。这项研究的结果强调，迫切需要制定和实施强有力的缓解战略，以确保食品安全和保障公众健康。必须采用有针对性的方法，包括严格监测、遵守最佳做法和提高公众意识，以有效解决食品安全问题并保护民众的福祉。

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来源期刊

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 工程技术-食品科技

CiteScore

6.20

自引率

11.60%

发文量

601

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Food Composition and Analysis publishes manuscripts on scientific aspects of data on the chemical composition of human foods, with particular emphasis on actual data on composition of foods; analytical methods; studies on the manipulation, storage, distribution and use of food composition data; and studies on the statistics, use and distribution of such data and data systems. The Journal''s basis is nutrient composition, with increasing emphasis on bioactive non-nutrient and anti-nutrient components. Papers must provide sufficient description of the food samples, analytical methods, quality control procedures and statistical treatments of the data to permit the end users of the food composition data to evaluate the appropriateness of such data in their projects. The Journal does not publish papers on: microbiological compounds; sensory quality; aromatics/volatiles in food and wine; essential oils; organoleptic characteristics of food; physical properties; or clinical papers and pharmacology-related papers.