Downloadable Tool for Modeling of Salt, Urea and Water Transport in a Renal Tubule Segment: Application to the DCT.

Nipun U Jayatissa, Shahzad Sohail, Ray Mejia, Adrián R Murillo-de-Ozores, Shaza Khan, Viswanathan Raghuram, Chung-Lin Chou, Chin-Rang Yang, Mark A Knepper
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Abstract

We have devised a user-friendly downloadable, standalone application that solves a set of ordinary differential equations describing steady-state mass balance for salt (NaCl), urea and water in a single renal tubule with axial flow. The model was programmed in Python using an explicit ordinary differential equation solver. The standalone version allows users to interact with a GUI to insert parameter values and initiate the calculations. It outputs volume flow rate and solute concentrations as a function of position along the tubule. We illustrate the use of the model to address questions about the roles of the mammalian distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in water balance. The simulations suggest an important role for the DCT as a second diluting segment beyond the cortical thick ascending limb (CTAL), consistent with a critical function in excretion of water loads. Simulation of the effect of thiazide diuretics, which inhibit active salt absorption in the DCT, provides an explanation for the observation that these agents can produce hyponatremia when used clinically. The simulations also indicate that the DCT may transport salt in either direction (in accord with micropuncture findings), depending on the salt concentration in the fluid entering from the CTAL. Salt reabsorption by active transport is balanced by passive salt secretion as the luminal salt concentration approaches an asymptotic 'static head' level. The tool will allow users with no mathematical modeling experience to simulate transport in renal tubules, working toward the goal of expanding the use of mathematical modeling in physiology.

我们设计了一个方便用户下载的独立应用程序,它可以求解一组常微分方程,描述轴向流动的单肾小管中盐(NaCl)、尿素和水的稳态质量平衡。该模型用 Python 编程,使用显式常微分方程求解器。单机版允许用户与图形用户界面交互,插入参数值并启动计算。它输出的体积流量和溶质浓度是沿小管位置的函数。我们说明了如何使用该模型来解决哺乳动物远端曲小管(DCT)在水平衡中的作用问题。模拟结果表明,DCT 是皮质粗升支(CTAL)之外的第二个稀释段,在排泄水负荷方面起着关键作用。噻嗪类利尿剂可抑制 DCT 对盐分的主动吸收,通过模拟噻嗪类利尿剂的作用,可以解释为什么临床上使用这些药物时会产生低钠血症。模拟结果还表明,DCT 可以向任一方向运输盐分(与微穿刺结果一致),这取决于从 CTAL 进入的液体中的盐浓度。当腔内盐浓度接近渐近的 "静态头 "水平时,主动转运的盐重吸收与被动盐分泌相平衡。该工具将使没有数学建模经验的用户也能模拟肾小管中的转运,从而实现扩大生理学中数学建模应用的目标。
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