Hippocampal sclerosis: A review on current research status and its mechanisms

IF 12.5 1区医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Ageing Research Reviews Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102716

Ting Zhao , Xiaoxiao Cui , Xinru Zhang , Mengke Zhao , Yousef Rastegar-Kashkooli , Junyang Wang , Qiang Li , Chao Jiang , Nan Li , Fei Xing , Xiong Han , Jiewen Zhang , Na Xing , Junmin Wang , Jian Wang

{"title":"Hippocampal sclerosis: A review on current research status and its mechanisms","authors":"Ting Zhao , Xiaoxiao Cui , Xinru Zhang , Mengke Zhao , Yousef Rastegar-Kashkooli , Junyang Wang , Qiang Li , Chao Jiang , Nan Li , Fei Xing , Xiong Han , Jiewen Zhang , Na Xing , Junmin Wang , Jian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102716","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a pathological condition characterized by significant loss of hippocampal neurons and gliosis. This condition represents the most common neuropathological change observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and is also found in aging individuals. TLE related to HS is the most prevalent type of drug-resistant epilepsy in adults, and its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, developing improved methods for predicting and treating drug-resistant patients with TLE-HS is crucial. Patients with TLE-HS often experience cognitive impairment and psychological comorbidities, significantly affecting their quality of life. Consequently, a thorough review of the current research status of TLE-HS is essential, focusing on its prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and underlying mechanisms. The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in memory and cognition. HS of aging (HS-Aging), a condition linked to dementia in the ultra-elderly, is marked by severe CA1 (cornu ammonis) neuronal loss and frequent transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) proteinopathy, often misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, clinical characteristics and patterns of hippocampal atrophy can help differentiate between the two disorders. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathological features of HS, the relevant mechanisms underlying TLE-HS and HS-Aging, current imaging diagnostic techniques, including machine learning, and available treatment modalities. It also explores the prognosis and comorbidities related to these conditions. Future research directions include establishing animal models to clarify the poorly understood mechanisms underlying HS, particularly those related to emotional processing. Investigating post-HS behavioral and cognitive changes in these models will lay the foundation for further advancements in this field. This review is a cornerstone for future investigations and suggests additional research endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 102716"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ageing Research Reviews","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163725000625","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CELL BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a pathological condition characterized by significant loss of hippocampal neurons and gliosis. This condition represents the most common neuropathological change observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and is also found in aging individuals. TLE related to HS is the most prevalent type of drug-resistant epilepsy in adults, and its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, developing improved methods for predicting and treating drug-resistant patients with TLE-HS is crucial. Patients with TLE-HS often experience cognitive impairment and psychological comorbidities, significantly affecting their quality of life. Consequently, a thorough review of the current research status of TLE-HS is essential, focusing on its prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and underlying mechanisms. The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in memory and cognition. HS of aging (HS-Aging), a condition linked to dementia in the ultra-elderly, is marked by severe CA1 (cornu ammonis) neuronal loss and frequent transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) proteinopathy, often misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, clinical characteristics and patterns of hippocampal atrophy can help differentiate between the two disorders. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathological features of HS, the relevant mechanisms underlying TLE-HS and HS-Aging, current imaging diagnostic techniques, including machine learning, and available treatment modalities. It also explores the prognosis and comorbidities related to these conditions. Future research directions include establishing animal models to clarify the poorly understood mechanisms underlying HS, particularly those related to emotional processing. Investigating post-HS behavioral and cognitive changes in these models will lay the foundation for further advancements in this field. This review is a cornerstone for future investigations and suggests additional research endeavors.

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Ageing Research Reviews 医学-老年医学

CiteScore

19.80

自引率

2.30%

发文量

216

审稿时长

55 days

期刊介绍： With the rise in average human life expectancy, the impact of ageing and age-related diseases on our society has become increasingly significant. Ageing research is now a focal point for numerous laboratories, encompassing leaders in genetics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, and behavior. Ageing Research Reviews (ARR) serves as a cornerstone in this field, addressing emerging trends. ARR aims to fill a substantial gap by providing critical reviews and viewpoints on evolving discoveries concerning the mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases. The rapid progress in understanding the mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival is unveiling new insights into the regulation of ageing. From telomerase to stem cells, and from energy to oxyradical metabolism, we are witnessing an exciting era in the multidisciplinary field of ageing research. The journal explores the cellular and molecular foundations of interventions that extend lifespan, such as caloric restriction. It identifies the underpinnings of manipulations that extend lifespan, shedding light on novel approaches for preventing age-related diseases. ARR publishes articles on focused topics selected from the expansive field of ageing research, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the aging process. This includes age-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. The journal also covers applications of basic ageing research to lifespan extension and disease prevention, offering a comprehensive platform for advancing our understanding of this critical field.