Recent Advances in Food Safety Detection: Split Aptamer-Based Biosensors Development and Potential Applications

Abstract

Ensuring food safety is a shared responsibility across the entire food supply chain, encompassing manufacturers, processors, retailers, consumers, and regulatory bodies. However, traditional detection methods have several limitations, including slow processing times, high costs, limited sensitivity, and susceptibility to false positives or negatives. These shortcomings underscore the urgent need for faster, more accurate, and cost-effective detection technologies. Aptamers and aptasensors have emerged as promising alternatives. Aptamers offer advantages over traditional recognition probes due to their high affinity and specificity for diverse targets. The aptasensors enable rapid detection, cost reduction, shelf life extension, and minimal batch-to-batch variability, making them highly suitable for food safety applications. Detecting small molecules such as toxins, antibiotics, pesticides, contaminants, and heavy metals remains challenging due to steric hindrance, nonspecific binding, and reduced accuracy. Recent advancements in aptamer technology have focused on pre- and postmodifications to enhance detection performance. One of the most promising innovations is the development of split aptamers. These engineered aptamers, designed to operate in segments known as split aptamers, offer improved flexibility and binding specificity, effectively addressing the challenges of detecting small-sized targets. This review examines the evolution of aptamers and aptasensors, focusing on their application in detecting small molecules that are essential to food safety. It reported the strategies for modifying and optimizing selected aptamers, providing details on developing split aptamers as a promising approach to address the unique challenges of small-molecule detection. Additionally, recent advancements in split aptamer technology and its integration into aptasensor development are highlighted, showcasing how these innovations are revolutionizing the detection of food safety hazards by overcoming the limitations of traditional detection methods.