Potential for in-field pre-harvest control of foodborne human pathogens in leafy vegetables: Identification of research gaps and opportunities

Abstract

Background

Leafy vegetables (LVs) used as raw ingredients in salads have become a crucial part of our healthy diets. However, they are considered to be high-risk foods due to the lack of reliable measures to fully mitigate food safety risks in the absence of cooking prior to consumption. Indeed, outbreaks of foodborne illnesses and recalls associated with LVs continue to occur. This highlights the potential for additional strategies, such as pre-harvest sanitization, to better address the risks.

Scope and approach

This review undertook a comprehensive analysis of the current state of pre-harvest technologies that apply chemical sanitisers via treated irrigation water or via sanitization sprays of the field crop.

Key findings and conclusions

Several potential chemical sanitisers were shown to be effective against various food-borne pathogens when applied pre-harvest to crops. The review identified significant knowledge gaps concerning the efficacy of chemical sanitisers including their effect on the ecosystem health such as plant health, soil health, impacts on the natural leaf and soil microbiome. Addressing these gaps will provide a better understanding of the feasibility of these sanitization methods, including cost-benefit analyses. It is proposed that a risk framework, tailored to specific crops, soil types and weather conditions, should be developed to provide a science-based justification for the implementation of pre-harvest sanitization to improve the safety of LVs.