Aloe vera Extract-Based Carbon Quantum Dots-Modified Mixed-Phase TiO2 Nanoflowers for Photocatalytic Degradation of Benzo(a)pyrene in Smoked Sausages and Smoke Environments

Abstract

To remove benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) from smoked meat products and smoky environments, carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-modified TiO₂ nanoflowers (TiO₂–CQDs) have been considered an effective method. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the TiO₂–CQDs nanoflowers was attributed to their broad photocatalytic surface and effective separation of the photogenerated carriers. DFT calculations adequately confirmed the preparation of the TiO₂–CQDs nanoflowers and explained their chemical bonding interactions and adsorption energies. In addition, films (TCFs) based on TiO₂–CQDs nanoflowers were prepared, which demonstrated excellent activity and adsorption capacity for degrading B(a)P. The application of the photocatalytic films reduced B(a)P in smoked sausages by 49.7–70.9%, respectively, and PM_2.5-B(a)P emitted into the atmosphere was reduced by 69.8%. Finally, the degradation pathways and intermediates of B(a)P were analyzed in detail, and their toxicities were evaluated. This method has practical applications for controlling B(a)P in smoked foods and environments.