Proactive scheduling of transactive multi-carrier microgrids under base interruptible program: A Bi-level model approach

Abstract

Power systems are susceptible to disruptions caused by natural disasters, leading to significant financial losses for distribution companies. The versatility of multi-carrier microgrids (MCMGs) in meeting the needs of various carriers, such as electricity and heat, has garnered considerable interest. The focus of this paper is on how transactive multi-carrier microgrids (TMCM) contribute to improving the resilience of energy systems during prolonged outages. A bi-level proactive day-ahead scheduling model of TMCMs is introduced herein that not only achieves optimal normal operation cost, but also ensures the maximum demand serving of power, heat, gas and hydrogen carriers during outages. The base interruptible program (BIP) ensures a successful and economically efficient way to ride through outage conditions, serving as an emergency demand response resource for the TMCM. Furthermore, each MCMG has its designated 24-hour marginal price that enables the power transaction among the MCMGs at both the normal and outage condition. The bi-level model is converted into a single-level scheduling model by applying the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) condition. This approach utilizes a two-stage reformulation method to handle the integer variables. The simulation reveals that the need to sell power from MCMG 1 during the outage period has led to the supply of electricity in the market for six hours during peak time. Despite the only-power operation mode in five hours of the possible outage period, due to the high thermal load of microgrid 1, one of the CHP units is dispatched to produce 50–100 kW in cogeneration mode at 11:00–13:00.