A rapid photoionization detector-based gas chromatography electronic nose enhanced by DOE and SVM for accurate classification of baijiu jiuqu quality grades

Abstract

In recognition of the significance of Baijiu Jiuqu, this study introduced the development of a rapid photoionization detector–gas chromatograph–electronic nose (PID–GC–E-nose) tailored for its quality grading. Initially, the design of experiments methodology was utilized to optimize detection parameters for Baijiu Jiuqu, resulting in optimal conditions of a 10 mL/min flow rate, 30 °C column temperature, and 400 seconds detection duration. Subsequently, characteristic values derived from the detection signals were input into both support vector machine and principal component analysis. The PID–GC–E-nose demonstrated good performance in accurately classifying 132 samples into three distinct grades, achieving a recognition accuracy of 90.5 %. With a rapid response time of 1.09 seconds, high sensitivity down to a detection limit of 900 μg/kg, and better recognition capabilities compared to conventional electronic noses, this PID–GC–E-nose presented a promising tool for efficient quality control assessments of Baijiu Jiuqu and other complex samples.