Synthesis and Evaluation of Herbicidal Ureidopyrimidine Compounds: Focus on Sulfonamide Modifications

Abstract

In this study, 32 novel ureidopyrimidine compounds containing sulfonamide fragments were strategically designed and synthesized through active substructure combination. Postemergence herbicidal activity assays demonstrated that compounds 13a, 14d, and 15c exhibited superior efficacy against broadleaf weeds, including Zinnia elegans and Abutilon theophrasti, with compound 15c achieving a remarkable 95% control rate at 9.375 g a.i./ha, comparable to that of the commercial herbicide saflufenacil. Molecular docking simulations revealed that these compounds, along with saflufenacil, establish hydrogen bonds with protoporphyrinogen oxidase, particularly involving important amino acid residues, including ARG-98, GLY-175, and ASN-67. Structure–activity relationship analysis, supported by density functional theory calculations and molecular electrostatic potential studies, highlighted the importance of negatively charged regions in herbicidal activity. This comprehensive research provides valuable insights into the design and development of potent herbicides, establishing a strong foundation for future advancements in agricultural chemistry.