Decoding the aroma landscape of fermented golden pompano: The interplay of ester compounds and symbiotic microbiota as revealed by metagenomics and two-dimensional flavoromics

Abstract

Fermented pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) is a traditionally popular fermented seafood throughout Asia. Its distinctive flavor profile is primarily attributed to the microbial metabolic conversion of nutrients, which produces specific volatile compounds. Two-dimensional flavoromics of mature pompano revealed that various volatile flavor compounds accumulate throughout fermentation, with fruity (predominantly esters) and oleogustus (primarily ketones) being key flavor markers. S-curve analysis further demonstrated synergistic and additive interactions between these compounds, which enhance flavor release. Metagenomics and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analysis revealed that amino acid metabolism was the pivotal pathway for ethyl ester synthesis, with Staphylococcus equorum being positively correlated with esters such as ethyl isobutyrate and ethyl enanthate. This study elucidated the interrelationship between flavor compounds and the microbial community in fermented pompano, which is expected to provide insights into flavor modulation and guide the selection of strains that produce key esters in fermented seafood products.