Contestation, conflict and claims-making around the Lake Turkana Wind Power windfarm, northern Kenya

Abstract

Investment in large-scale renewable-energy projects has risen significantly as governments focus on green energy solutions. The general view is that renewable energy investments are beneficial, increasing national energy production from renewable sources and contributing to economic growth. However, the benefits for communities near project sites can be unclear, with less emphasis placed on the impacts on social cohesion or the rights of local populations. This paper contributes to discussions about community perspectives and responses to large land and resource based investments, stressing the role of local agency. Using the example of the Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) project in northern Kenya, it examines how various stakeholders involved with specific resource-based investments perceive and challenge the development process and the distribution of project benefits and harms. It employs an ‘intersecting methodologies’ approach that includes community-based participatory research (CBPR), participatory video, and qualitative and ethnographic methods, conducted in small settlements around the LTWP area between 2017 and 2019. As the largest single private investment in Kenya’s history, life remains insecure for many residents near the LTWP wind farm. By revealing different local perspectives, the paper outlines the broader impacts and forms of contentious politics related to the LTWP project. The study finds that community strategies to seek recognition and associated rights highlight deeper conflicts involving governance and authority concerning everyday lives and livelihoods. Local agency underscores the limitations of efforts to formalize rights within a statutory legal and regulatory framework and other processes through which community stakeholders assert their inclusion in large-scale investments.