Recovery, interrupted: persisting symptoms after concussion and the power of iatrogenesis.

Abstract

Persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC) affect up to 30% of children, adolescents, and young adults beyond 1 month post-injury, posing challenges in clinical care. This retrospective study examined 54 patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation due to PSaC, exploring factors contributing to symptom persistence. Results showed that 75.9% of patients experienced symptoms attributable to non-concussion factors, with 90.7% lacking evidence-based care post-injury. Pre-existing conditions, including migraines, anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric disorders, correlated with symptom burden. Linear regression models indicated that these psychiatric factors and the absence of evidence-based recommendations predicted symptom severity [R² = .314, p = .002], with other psychiatric disorders showing a significant effect [β = 2.28, p = .008]. History of any psychiatric disorder predicted current symptom count [R² = .121, p = .010]. Logistic regression identified migraines (Nagelkerke R² = .389, p = .000) and depression (Nagelkerke R² = .124, p = .033) as predictors of non-concussion etiology. Anxiety, depression, migraines, psychiatric disorders, and lack of evidence-based care predicted non-concussion symptoms (Nagelkerke R² = .575, p = .000). These findings highlight the importance of holistic, individualized care in concussion. Early neuropsychological involvement may improve diagnosis, reduce iatrogenic effects, and optimize recovery through tailored evidence-based interventions.