Hiding in plain sight: children with visual perceptual difficulties in schools.

IF 2.4 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Pub Date : 2024-11-27 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1496730
Nicola McDowell, Helen St Clair Tracy, Andrew Blaikie, John Ravenscroft, Gordon N Dutton
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is increasingly being recognized as a significant cause of visual difficulties in children, particularly those with typical visual acuity, who nonetheless struggle in educational settings. This narrative review aims to elucidate the nature and impact of visual perceptual difficulties (VPD) associated with CVI in school-aged children, who often remain undiagnosed due to the current erroneous focus on visual acuity as a required diagnostic criterion for CVI. The review synthesizes findings from recent studies, highlighting that up to 3.4% of children in mainstream schools and a higher percentage in special educational settings may experience VPD, which significantly impacts upon their learning and development. The manifestations of VPDs, such as difficulties in motion perception, recognition, and visuospatial processing, are often subtle and can thus be overlooked, leading to misconceptions about the origins of the affected child's abilities and behaviors. The review also discusses the challenges in current diagnostic processes, emphasizing the need for comprehensive history taking and assessments that go beyond standard visual acuity tests. It proposes a multi-faceted approach to identification and support, incorporating both clinical assessments and teacher/parental observations, to better address the needs of affected children. Furthermore, this paper advocates for the inclusion of VPDs in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11) to ensure children with these visual issues receive appropriate educational support. By integrating lived experiences of individuals with CVI and the latest research findings, this review underscores the urgent need for awareness and tailored educational strategies designed to support children with VPDs. The findings suggest that without such recognition and intervention, many children with VPDs will continue to "hide in plain sight," facing unnecessary challenges in their educational and social development. The review concludes with recommendations for policy changes and future research directions to improve the identification, classification, and support of children with VPDs within the educational system.

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来源期刊
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 医学-神经科学
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
6.90%
发文量
830
审稿时长
2-4 weeks
期刊介绍: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience is a first-tier electronic journal devoted to understanding the brain mechanisms supporting cognitive and social behavior in humans, and how these mechanisms might be altered in disease states. The last 25 years have seen an explosive growth in both the methods and the theoretical constructs available to study the human brain. Advances in electrophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, psychophysical, neuropharmacological and computational approaches have provided key insights into the mechanisms of a broad range of human behaviors in both health and disease. Work in human neuroscience ranges from the cognitive domain, including areas such as memory, attention, language and perception to the social domain, with this last subject addressing topics, such as interpersonal interactions, social discourse and emotional regulation. How these processes unfold during development, mature in adulthood and often decline in aging, and how they are altered in a host of developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders, has become increasingly amenable to human neuroscience research approaches. Work in human neuroscience has influenced many areas of inquiry ranging from social and cognitive psychology to economics, law and public policy. Accordingly, our journal will provide a forum for human research spanning all areas of human cognitive, social, developmental and translational neuroscience using any research approach.
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