{"title":"Occurrence of ochratoxins in coffee and risk assessment of ochratoxin a in a Costa Rican urban population.","authors":"Daniela Jaikel-Viquez, Fabio Granados, Alejandra Gómez-Arrieta, Josué Vásquez-Flores, Fernando Morales-Calvo, Nicole Argeñal-Avendaño, Delia Álvarez-Corvo, Graciela Artavia, Georgina Gómez-Salas, Bing Wang, Mauricio Redondo-Solano","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2024.2429140","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Costa Rica is a coffee producer and consumer country, but this product is prone to ochratoxin contamination; therefore, this study aims evaluates the human health risk associated with ochratoxin exposure among coffee consumers in the Costa Rica. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic compound classified as a Group 2B carcinogen, produced by the fungi <i>Aspergillus</i> section <i>Circumdati</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i> section <i>Nigri</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> spp. The presence of OTA and ochratoxin B (OTB) in Costa Rican coffee products (<i>n</i> = 175) was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. OTA was detected in 58.2% of the green coffee beans (1.01 ± 0.85 ng g <sup>-1</sup>), in 36.8% of the pure roasted coffee (2.59 ± 4.41 ng g <sup>-1</sup>), in 23.1% of the sugar-added roasted coffee (1.59 ± 0.33 ng g<sup>-1</sup>) and 75% of the instant coffee samples (0.69 ± 0.58 ng g<sup>-1</sup>). The contamination with OTB was 45.5% (1.28 ± 0.83 ng g <sup>-1</sup>), 31.6% (1.60 ± 2.04 ng g <sup>-1</sup>), 30.8% (1.42 ± 0.86 ng g <sup>-1</sup>), and 41.7% (2.64 ± 2.07 ng g <sup>-1</sup>), respectively. The dietary exposure to OTA of the Costa Rican population was assessed by a probabilistic approach. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA from coffee was: 0.184 (90% IC: 0.179-0.189) ng kg<sup>-1</sup> bw day<sup>-1</sup> for the total population (0.189 [90% IC: 0.184-0.194] ng kg<sup>-1</sup> bw day<sup>-1</sup> for males and 0.181 [90% IC: 0.176-0.186] ng kg<sup>-1</sup> bw day<sup>-1</sup> for females). The EDIs were lower than the tolerable human intake benchmarks for OTA set by international food safety authorities (even though more than 80% of OTA is extracted during coffee preparation). The results evidence a low risk (related to ochratoxin) for coffee consumers in Costa Rica.</p>","PeriodicalId":12295,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2429140","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, APPLIED","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Costa Rica is a coffee producer and consumer country, but this product is prone to ochratoxin contamination; therefore, this study aims evaluates the human health risk associated with ochratoxin exposure among coffee consumers in the Costa Rica. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic compound classified as a Group 2B carcinogen, produced by the fungi Aspergillus section Circumdati, Aspergillus section Nigri and Penicillium spp. The presence of OTA and ochratoxin B (OTB) in Costa Rican coffee products (n = 175) was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. OTA was detected in 58.2% of the green coffee beans (1.01 ± 0.85 ng g -1), in 36.8% of the pure roasted coffee (2.59 ± 4.41 ng g -1), in 23.1% of the sugar-added roasted coffee (1.59 ± 0.33 ng g-1) and 75% of the instant coffee samples (0.69 ± 0.58 ng g-1). The contamination with OTB was 45.5% (1.28 ± 0.83 ng g -1), 31.6% (1.60 ± 2.04 ng g -1), 30.8% (1.42 ± 0.86 ng g -1), and 41.7% (2.64 ± 2.07 ng g -1), respectively. The dietary exposure to OTA of the Costa Rican population was assessed by a probabilistic approach. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA from coffee was: 0.184 (90% IC: 0.179-0.189) ng kg-1 bw day-1 for the total population (0.189 [90% IC: 0.184-0.194] ng kg-1 bw day-1 for males and 0.181 [90% IC: 0.176-0.186] ng kg-1 bw day-1 for females). The EDIs were lower than the tolerable human intake benchmarks for OTA set by international food safety authorities (even though more than 80% of OTA is extracted during coffee preparation). The results evidence a low risk (related to ochratoxin) for coffee consumers in Costa Rica.
期刊介绍:
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A publishes original research papers and critical reviews covering analytical methodology, occurrence, persistence, safety evaluation, detoxification and regulatory control of natural and man-made additives and contaminants in the food and animal feed chain. Papers are published in the areas of food additives including flavourings, pesticide and veterinary drug residues, environmental contaminants, plant toxins, mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, trace elements, migration from food packaging, food process contaminants, adulteration, authenticity and allergenicity of foods. Papers are published on animal feed where residues and contaminants can give rise to food safety concerns. Contributions cover chemistry, biochemistry and bioavailability of these substances, factors affecting levels during production, processing, packaging and storage; the development of novel foods and processes; exposure and risk assessment.