Modulation of efferocytosis and inflammation resolution by live and non-live probiotics through gut microbiota interactions in preclinical and clinical studies

Abstract

Gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining health and is implicated in various diseases. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSPs) are potential therapeutic approaches for modifying the gut microbiota to prevent or treat associated disorders. This modulation influences apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) and inflammation resolution. These processes are vital for immune function and tissue homeostasis. Evidence from animal and human studies indicates that PPSPs can enhance efferocytosis, leading to reduced inflammation and tissue damage. Additionally, PPSPs may ameliorate diseases such as metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions, by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolite production. Notably, non-viable probiotics also enhance natural defense against infections, boost vaccine responses, and reduce common cold incidence. Clinical trials show promising outcomes for PPSPs in treating inflammatory bowel disease and certain cancers. However, further research is needed to determine the specific strains, dosages, and durations of PPSPs for optimizing their therapeutic efficacy. Overall, modulating gut microbiota through PPSPs represents a promising avenue for disease prevention and treatment, particularly in enhancing apoptotic cell clearance and attenuating inflammation and tissue damage.