Jordan embeddings and linear rank preservers of structural matrix algebras

Abstract

We consider subalgebras $A$ of the algebra $M_n$ of $n\times n$ complex matrices that contain all diagonal matrices, known in the literature as the structural matrix algebras (SMAs).

Let $A\subseteq M_n$ be an arbitrary SMA. We first show that any commuting family of diagonalizable matrices in $A$ can be intrinsically simultaneously diagonalized (i.e. the corresponding similarity can be chosen from $A$). Using this, we then characterize when one SMA Jordan-embeds into another and in that case we describe the form of such Jordan embeddings. As a consequence, we obtain a description of Jordan automorphisms of SMAs, generalizing Coelho's result on their algebra automorphisms. Next, motivated by the results of Marcus-Moyls and Molnar-Šemrl, connecting the linear rank-one preservers with Jordan embeddings $M_n\to M_n$ and $T_n\to M_n$ (where $T_n$ is the algebra of $n\times n$ upper-triangular matrices) respectively, we show that any linear unital rank-one preserver $A\to M_n$ is necessarily a Jordan embedding. As the converse fails in general, we also provide a necessary and sufficient condition for when it does hold true. Finally, we obtain a complete description of linear rank preservers $A\to M_n$, as maps of the form $X\mapsto S(PX+(I-P\left)X^t\right)T$, for some invertible matrices $S,T\in M_n$ and a central idempotent $P\in A$.