The subjective experience of transcranial electrical stimulation: a within-subject comparison of tolerability and side effects between tDCS, tACS, and otDCS.

IF 2.4 3区 医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Pub Date : 2024-10-23 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1468538
Jovana Bjekić, Marko Živanović, Marija Stanković, Dunja Paunović, Uroš Konstantinović, Saša R Filipović
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including techniques like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS), has been widely explored for its neuromodulatory effects on motor, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Despite well-established safety, these techniques can induce varying degrees of discomfort and side effects, potentially impacting their application. This study presents a within-subject sham-controlled experiment directly comparing the subjective experience and side effects of tDCS, tACS, and otDCS. Participants reported their discomfort levels at multiple time points during 20-min stimulation sessions and completed a side-effects questionnaire before and after each session. Results indicated that the overall discomfort levels were low across all conditions, with ≥95% reporting the absence of discomfort or mild procedure-induced discomfort. Nevertheless, tDCS and otDCS were slightly less comfortable compared to sham, especially at the beginning of stimulation, with tACS-induced discomfort levels being overall comparable to sham. The most common side / adverse effects were mild skin sensations, including itching and tingling, particularly with tDCS and otDCS, while tACS occasionally caused phosphenes and blurred vision. These findings provide a systematic comparison of tES-induced discomfort and side effects between different tES techniques, highlighting the high safety of tES, but also the importance of considering within- and between-person variability and time-course effects in tES applications.

经颅电刺激的主观体验:tDCS、tACS 和 otDCS 的耐受性和副作用的受试者内部比较。
低强度经颅电刺激(tES),包括经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)、经颅交流电刺激(tACS)和振荡经颅直流电刺激(otDCS)等技术,因其对运动、认知和行为过程的神经调节作用而受到广泛关注。尽管这些技术的安全性已得到证实,但它们会引起不同程度的不适和副作用,从而可能影响其应用。本研究介绍了一项受试者内假对照实验,直接比较了 tDCS、tACS 和 otDCS 的主观体验和副作用。参与者在 20 分钟刺激过程中的多个时间点报告了自己的不适程度,并在每次刺激前后填写了一份副作用问卷。结果表明,所有条件下的总体不适程度都很低,≥95% 的人报告没有不适感或有轻微的程序引起的不适感。不过,tDCS 和 otDCS 的舒适度略低于假刺激,尤其是在刺激开始时,而 tACS 引起的不适感总体上与假刺激相当。最常见的副作用/不良反应是轻微的皮肤感觉,包括瘙痒和刺痛,尤其是 tDCS 和 otDCS,而 tACS 偶尔会引起幻视和视力模糊。这些研究结果系统地比较了不同tES技术引起的不适感和副作用,强调了tES的高度安全性,同时也强调了在应用tES时考虑人内和人际变异性以及时间效应的重要性。
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来源期刊
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 医学-神经科学
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
6.90%
发文量
830
审稿时长
2-4 weeks
期刊介绍: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience is a first-tier electronic journal devoted to understanding the brain mechanisms supporting cognitive and social behavior in humans, and how these mechanisms might be altered in disease states. The last 25 years have seen an explosive growth in both the methods and the theoretical constructs available to study the human brain. Advances in electrophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, psychophysical, neuropharmacological and computational approaches have provided key insights into the mechanisms of a broad range of human behaviors in both health and disease. Work in human neuroscience ranges from the cognitive domain, including areas such as memory, attention, language and perception to the social domain, with this last subject addressing topics, such as interpersonal interactions, social discourse and emotional regulation. How these processes unfold during development, mature in adulthood and often decline in aging, and how they are altered in a host of developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders, has become increasingly amenable to human neuroscience research approaches. Work in human neuroscience has influenced many areas of inquiry ranging from social and cognitive psychology to economics, law and public policy. Accordingly, our journal will provide a forum for human research spanning all areas of human cognitive, social, developmental and translational neuroscience using any research approach.
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