Body weight optimization of broiler breeder hens. 1. Pullet growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition, and sexual maturation

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of early growth (EG) and time of maximum pubertal growth peak (I2) on development, feed efficiency, carcass composition, and sexual maturation of broiler breeder females. Target BW trajectories were designed by changing coefficients of a 3-phase Gompertz model fit to the recommended BW target of Ross 308 breeders, $\mathrm{BW}={\sum }_{i=1}^{i=3}{g}_i\mathrm{ex}{p}^{(-\exp (-b_i(t-I_i)))}$. In each phase i, biologically relevant coefficients describe the amount of BW gain ($g_i$), the rate of growth ($b_i$), and the inflection point ($I_i$), which is the time when the growth rate for that phase is at its maximum rate. The study consisted of a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, with six I2 levels ($I$ from phase 2) and two EG levels. The I2 coefficients were 15, 17, 19, 21 (standard), 22, and 23 in wk. The EG treatments were: EG0, where $g_1$ and $g_2$ coefficients estimated from the standard from the breeder recommended BW were unchanged; and EG20, where 20% of the gain ($g_2$) in phase 2 (pubertal phase) was shifted to phase 1 ($g_1$; prepubertal phase). Two-hundred-eighty-eight Ross 308 pullets were randomly assigned to the twelve BW growth trajectories and fed using a precision feeding system from 0 to 28 wk of age. Body composition variables were submitted to three-way ANOVA, with EG, I2, and age as fixed sources of variation. Analysis of covariance was conducted on the remaining dependent variables with EG as fixed effect, I2 as a continuous fixed effect, and age as continuous random effect. Differences were reported at P ≤ 0.05. The BW of females followed their target BW, and ADFI differed depending on the amount of feed required to achieve their respective BW targets. Breast fleshing score was 0.2 greater in the EG20 compared to EG0. The number of juvenile primary wing feathers and age at first egg decreased by 0.4 and 0.9 d, respectively, per wk of earlier I2. Advancing I2 resulted in birds with increased carcass fat deposition from 16 to 28 wk of age. Carcass fat was 1.3- to 1.6-fold greater in the EG20 only from 4 to 16 wk of age. Early growth increased mostly pullet muscle and skeletal characteristics whereas advancing I2 advanced sexual maturity and increased carcass fat deposition around sexual maturation time.