Convergence on CaMK4: a key modulator of autism-associated signaling pathways in neurons.

Abstract

Although the precise underlying cause(s) of autism spectrum disorder remain unclear, more than 1000 rare genetic variations are associated with the condition. For a large number of people living with profound autism, this genetic heterogeneity has impeded the identification of common biological targets for therapy development for core and comorbid traits that include significant impairments in social communication, and repetitive and restricted behaviors. A substantial number of genes associated with autism encode proteins involved in signal transduction and synaptic transmission that are critical for brain development and function. CAMK4 is an emerging risk gene for autism spectrum disorder that encodes the Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-4 (CaMK4) enzyme. CaMK4 is a key component of a Ca²⁺-activated signaling pathway that regulates neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. In this review, we discuss three genetic variants of CAMK4 found in individuals with hyperkinetic movement disorder and comorbid neurological symptoms including autism spectrum disorder that are likely pathogenic with monogenic effect. We also comment on four other genetic variations in CAMK4 that display associations with autism spectrum disorder, as well as twelve examples of autism-associated variations in other genes that impact CaMK4 signaling pathways. Finally, we highlight three environmental risk factors that impact CaMK4 signaling based on studies in preclinical models of autism and/or clinical cohorts. Overall, we review molecular, genetic, physiological, and environmental evidence that suggest defects in the CaMK4 signaling pathway may play an important role in a common autism pathogenesis network across numerous patient groups, and propose CaMK4 as a potential therapeutic target.