LC-MS/MS Profiling, Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Citrus reticulata Albedo

IF 1.5 4区医学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Product Communications Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI:10.1177/1934578x241272471

Javaid Aftab, Mazhar Abbas, Sumaira Sharif, Aqsa Mumtaz, Kinza Zafar, Naveed Ahmad, Osama A. Mohammed, Arif Nazir, Shahid Iqbal, Munawar Iqbal

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Abstract

Background: The massive production of agro-industrial waste has become a global concern. Approximately 3.6 million tons of citrus waste are disposed of annually after processing, despite most bioactive molecules being found in fruit peels. Objectives/methodology: This work explored the biochemical and carbohydrate polymer profile of methanolic extract of the soft, spongy Citrus reticulata ( C. reticulata) albedo through proximate analysis, antioxidant and scavenging potential analysis, carbohydrate analysis, antioxidant enzyme and genotoxicity analysis, which were further quantified by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Results: The results revealed that the citrus albedo comprised an ample amount of ash (3.30 g/100−g of fresh weight (FW), moisture (52.67 g/100−g FW), fiber (30.80 g/100−g FW), lipid (5.58 g/100−g FW), protein (9.62 Kcal/ 100−g FW) and carbohydrate contents, ie, pectin (18.5 mg/g of dry weight (DW), glucosamine (5.05 mg/g DW), maltose (6.5 mg/g DW), D-xylose (35.5 mg/g DW), cellulose (12.2 mg/g DW), total soluble sugars (13.5 mg/g DW), starch (29% w/w). The antioxidant enzyme exhibited excellent activities (23.06 IU/mL for superoxide dismutase, 37.10 IU/mL for catalase and 1.27 IU/mL for peroxidase). The bioactive molecules of the citrus albedo showed maximum total phenolic content (TPC) (2.30 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ g DW), total flavonoid contents (TFC) (1.71 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/ g DW) and scavenging potential (50.67% inhibition) when used at a higher concentration of 100 mg/mL. FTIR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) findings concluded that the citrus albedo was rich in polysaccharides including pectin, glucosamine and antioxidants like caffeic acid, quercitin, naringenin, hesperidin and resveratrol. Moreover, the MTT assay showed that the hepatoblastoma cell line (HepG2) underwent apoptosis after 72-h exposure to C. reticulata albedo extract at varied concentrations. Conclusion: These findings suggest that citrus albedo can be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma.

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柑橘网纹叶的 LC-MS/MS 分析、抗氧化潜力和细胞毒性评估

背景：农用工业废物的大量产生已成为全球关注的问题。尽管大多数生物活性分子都存在于果皮中，但每年约有 360 万吨柑橘加工后的废弃物被丢弃。目标/方法：这项研究探索了软海绵柑橘（C. reticulata）反皮层甲醇提取物的生物化学和碳水化合物聚合物特征。通过近似物分析、抗氧化和清除潜能分析、碳水化合物分析、抗氧化酶和遗传毒性分析，并通过 MTT（3-[4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基]-2,5-二苯基溴化四氮唑）测定法和傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析进一步对其进行量化。结果显示结果表明，柑橘反照素含有大量灰分（3.30 克/100 克鲜重（FW））、水分（52.67 克/100 克 FW）、纤维（30.80 克/100 克 FW）、脂质（5.58 克/100 克 FW）、蛋白质（9.碳水化合物含量，即果胶（18.5 毫克/克干重）、葡萄糖胺（5.05 毫克/克干重）、麦芽糖（6.5 毫克/克干重）、D-木糖（35.5 毫克/克干重）、纤维素（12.2 毫克/克干重）、总可溶性糖（13.5 毫克/克干重）、淀粉（29% w/w）。抗氧化酶表现出极高的活性（超氧化物歧化酶为 23.06 IU/mL，过氧化氢酶为 37.10 IU/mL，过氧化物酶为 1.27 IU/mL）。当使用浓度为 100 毫克/毫升时，柑橘白皮中的生物活性分子显示出最大的总酚含量（TPC）（2.30 毫克没食子酸当量（GAE）/克干重）、总黄酮含量（TFC）（1.71 毫克槲皮素当量（QE）/克干重）和清除潜力（50.67% 的抑制率）。傅立叶变换红外光谱和液相色谱-质谱法（LC-MS）的研究结果表明，柑橘白皮含有丰富的多糖，包括果胶、葡萄糖胺和抗氧化剂，如咖啡酸、槲皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和白藜芦醇。此外，MTT 试验表明，肝母细胞瘤细胞株（HepG2）在暴露于不同浓度的网纹叶蝉提取物 72 小时后出现凋亡。结论这些研究结果表明，柑橘反照素是一种潜在的肝细胞癌化疗药物。

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来源期刊

Natural Product Communications 工程技术-食品科技

CiteScore

3.10

自引率

11.10%

发文量

254

审稿时长

2.7 months

期刊介绍： Natural Product Communications is a peer reviewed, open access journal studying all aspects of natural products, including isolation, characterization, spectroscopic properties, biological activities, synthesis, structure-activity, biotransformation, biosynthesis, tissue culture and fermentation. It covers the full breadth of chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, pharmacology, and chemical ecology of natural products. Natural Product Communications is a peer reviewed, open access journal studying all aspects of natural products, including isolation, characterization, spectroscopic properties, biological activities, synthesis, structure-activity, biotransformation, biosynthesis, tissue culture and fermentation. It covers the full breadth of chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, pharmacology, and chemical ecology of natural products. Natural Product Communications is a peer reviewed, open access journal studying all aspects of natural products, including isolation, characterization, spectroscopic properties, biological activities, synthesis, structure-activity, biotransformation, biosynthesis, tissue culture and fermentation. It covers the full breadth of chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, pharmacology, and chemical ecology of natural products.