Associations between prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and plasma immune molecules in three-year-old children in China

Abstract

Background

Many studies have reported that prenatal exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) can disrupt immune function. However, little is known about the effects of PFASs on immune molecules. The study analyzed the association between prenatal exposure to mixed and single PFASs and plasma immune molecules in three-year-old children.

Methods

Ten PFASs were measured in umbilical cord serum, while peripheral blood samples were collected at age three to measure immune molecules. Associations between exposure to individual and combined PFASs and immune molecules were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models and Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression.

Results

(1) Interleukin-4 (IL-4) increased by 23.85% (95% CI:2.99,48.94) with each doubling of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased by 39.07% (95%CI:4.06,85.86) with Perfluorotridecanoic Acid (PFTrDA). Elevated PFOA and Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) were correlated with increases of 34.06% (95% CI: 6.41, 70.28) and 24.41% (95% CI: 0.99, 53.27) in Eotaxin-3, respectively. Additionally, the doubling of Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid (PFHxS) was associated with a 9.51% decrease in Periostin (95% CI: −17.84, −0.33). (2) The WQS analysis revealed that mixed PFASs were associated with increased IL-6 (β = 0.37, 95%CI:0.04,0.69), mainly driven by PFTrDA, PFNA, and 8:2 Chlorinated Perfluoroethyl Sulfonamide (8:2 Cl-PFESA). Moreover, mixed PFASs were linked to an increase in Eotaxin-3 (β = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.09,0.55), primarily influenced by PFOA, PFTrDA, and Perfluorododecanoic Acid (PFDoDA).

Conclusions

Prenatal PFASs exposure significantly alters the levels of immune molecules in three-year-old children, highlighting the importance of understanding environmental impacts on early immune development.