Anticholinergic load: A commonly neglected and preventable risk to cognition during schizophrenia treatment?

Abstract

Background

Cognitive impairment is a widespread feature of schizophrenia, affecting nearly 80 % of patients. Prior research has linked the anticholinergic burden of psychiatric medications to these cognitive deficits. However, the impact of the anticholinergic burden from medications for physical morbidity remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the anticholinergic burden of psychiatric and physical medications in patients with schizophrenia and assess its impact on cognitive function.

Methods

A total of 178 patients with schizophrenia were recruited. The assessments included an ad hoc questionnaire for collecting demographic and clinical data. Anticholinergic burden was evaluated using the cumulative Drug Burden Index (cDBI) for each participant, and cognitive function was assessed using MATRICS. Psychopathology was measured using the PANSS, CDSS, CAINS, and the CGI-S. Statistical analysis included Student's t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regressions.

Results

The average cDBI was 1.3 (SD = 0.9). The model developed explained 40.80 % of the variance. The variable with the greatest weight was the cDBI (B = −11.148, p = 0.010). Negative-expression (B = -2.740, p = 0.011) and negative-experiential (B = −1.175, p = 0.030) symptoms were also associated with lower global cognitive score. However, more years of education (B = 5.140, p < 0.001) and cigarettes per day (B = 1.331, p < 0.001) predicted a better global cognitive score.

Conclusion

This study identified specific predictors of global cognition in schizophrenia, with anticholinergic burden emerging as the strongest factor. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the anticholinergic burden of treatments, in addition to negative symptoms, when designing interventions to optimize or maintain cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.