{"title":"Validation and Confirmation of the Equanimity Scale-16 in India and its Relationship with Well-Being","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s12671-024-02318-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <span> <h3>Objectives</h3> <p>The present study explored the psychometric properties of the Equanimity Scale-16 (ES-16) in the Indian population. It also investigated the parallel connections between equanimity and spiritual well-being, recognizing equanimity as one of the qualities of highly spiritual beings.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Method</h3> <p>Three independent studies, with diverse sets of participants, were conducted using structured and established questionnaires. The first study evaluated the factorial structure of the ES-16 scale through exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a sample of 648 Indian adults. The second study evaluated the reliability of the ES-16 with the help of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values based on a sample of 379 respondents. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were examined using average variance explained (AVE) values. The construct validity was examined through correlation analysis of the ES-16 scale with psychological distress, as well as a gratitude scale, given the traditional association of equanimity with spiritual well-being. The third study explored test–retest reliability of the scale based on a sample of 151 participants.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Results</h3> <p>The EFA yielded a 2-factor solution like the original ES-16 scale. The 2 factors—experiential acceptance and non-reactivity—could explain 61.12% of the total variance. The CFA confirmed the adequate factorial structure of the ES-16 scale. The acceptable Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values (greater than 0.70) confirmed the reliability of the ES-16 scale. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were also confirmed in the second study. The results also reported a statistically significant positive association between equanimity and spiritual well-being.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Conclusions</h3> <p>The present study concluded that both factors of equanimity are necessary to experience equanimity, and absence of one renders the other difficult. It confirmed the psychometric properties of the ES-16 in the Indian population. The results hold considerable promise for advancing research in the field of mindfulness and well-being, as well as guiding the development of interventions aimed at promoting equanimity and fostering positive mental health outcomes in the Indian context.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Preregistration</h3> <p>This study or any work of the study is not preregistered.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":18523,"journal":{"name":"Mindfulness","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Mindfulness","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02318-5","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PSYCHIATRY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives
The present study explored the psychometric properties of the Equanimity Scale-16 (ES-16) in the Indian population. It also investigated the parallel connections between equanimity and spiritual well-being, recognizing equanimity as one of the qualities of highly spiritual beings.
Method
Three independent studies, with diverse sets of participants, were conducted using structured and established questionnaires. The first study evaluated the factorial structure of the ES-16 scale through exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a sample of 648 Indian adults. The second study evaluated the reliability of the ES-16 with the help of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values based on a sample of 379 respondents. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were examined using average variance explained (AVE) values. The construct validity was examined through correlation analysis of the ES-16 scale with psychological distress, as well as a gratitude scale, given the traditional association of equanimity with spiritual well-being. The third study explored test–retest reliability of the scale based on a sample of 151 participants.
Results
The EFA yielded a 2-factor solution like the original ES-16 scale. The 2 factors—experiential acceptance and non-reactivity—could explain 61.12% of the total variance. The CFA confirmed the adequate factorial structure of the ES-16 scale. The acceptable Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values (greater than 0.70) confirmed the reliability of the ES-16 scale. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were also confirmed in the second study. The results also reported a statistically significant positive association between equanimity and spiritual well-being.
Conclusions
The present study concluded that both factors of equanimity are necessary to experience equanimity, and absence of one renders the other difficult. It confirmed the psychometric properties of the ES-16 in the Indian population. The results hold considerable promise for advancing research in the field of mindfulness and well-being, as well as guiding the development of interventions aimed at promoting equanimity and fostering positive mental health outcomes in the Indian context.
Preregistration
This study or any work of the study is not preregistered.
期刊介绍：
Mindfulness seeks to advance research, clinical practice, and theory on mindfulness. It is interested in manuscripts from diverse viewpoints, including psychology, psychiatry, medicine, neurobiology, psychoneuroendocrinology, cognitive, behavioral, cultural, philosophy, spirituality, and wisdom traditions. Mindfulness encourages research submissions on the reliability and validity of assessment of mindfulness; clinical uses of mindfulness in psychological distress, psychiatric disorders, and medical conditions; alleviation of personal and societal suffering; the nature and foundations of mindfulness; mechanisms of action; and the use of mindfulness across cultures. The Journal also seeks to promote the use of mindfulness by publishing scholarly papers on the training of clinicians, institutional staff, teachers, parents, and industry personnel in mindful provision of services. Examples of topics include: Mindfulness-based psycho-educational interventions for children with learning, emotional, and behavioral disorders Treating depression and clinical symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure Yoga and mindfulness Cognitive-behavioral mindfulness group therapy interventions Mindfulnessness and emotional regulation difficulties in children Loving-kindness meditation to increase social connectedness Training for parents and children with ADHD Recovery from substance abuse Changing parents’ mindfulness Child management skills Treating childhood anxiety and depression
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