The stability of cognitive abilities: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies.

IF 17.3 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY
Psychological bulletin Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-08 DOI:10.1037/bul0000425
Moritz Breit, Vsevolod Scherrer, Elliot M Tucker-Drob, Franzis Preckel
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Cognitive abilities, including general intelligence and domain-specific abilities such as fluid reasoning, comprehension knowledge, working memory capacity, and processing speed, are regarded as some of the most stable psychological traits, yet there exist no large-scale systematic efforts to document the specific patterns by which their rank-order stability changes over age and time interval, or how their stability differs across abilities, tests, and populations. Determining the conditions under which cognitive abilities exhibit high or low degrees of stability is critical not just to theory development but to applied contexts in which cognitive assessments guide decisions regarding treatment and intervention decisions with lasting consequences for individuals. In order to supplement this important area of research, we present a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies investigating the stability of cognitive abilities. The meta-analysis relied on data from 205 longitudinal studies that involved a total of 87,408 participants, resulting in 1,288 test-retest correlation coefficients among manifest variables. For an age of 20 years and a test-retest interval of 5 years, we found a mean rank-order stability of ρ = .76. The effect of mean sample age on stability was best described by a negative exponential function, with low stability in preschool children, rapid increases in stability in childhood, and consistently high stability from late adolescence to late adulthood. This same functional form continued to best describe age trends in stability after adjusting for test reliability. Stability declined with increasing test-retest interval. This decrease flattened out from an interval of approximately 5 years onward. According to the age and interval moderation models, minimum stability sufficient for individual-level diagnostic decisions (rtt = .80) can only be expected over the age of 7 and for short time intervals in children. In adults, stability levels meeting this criterion are obtained for over 5 years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

认知能力的稳定性:纵向研究的元分析回顾。
认知能力,包括一般智力和特定领域的能力,如流畅推理、理解知识、工作记忆能力和处理速度,被认为是一些最稳定的心理特征,但目前还没有大规模的系统性工作来记录它们的等级稳定性随年龄和时间间隔变化的具体模式,或者它们的稳定性在不同能力、测试和人群之间有何差异。确定认知能力表现出高度或低度稳定性的条件不仅对理论发展至关重要,而且对应用环境也至关重要,因为在应用环境中,认知评估会指导治疗和干预决策,从而对个人产生持久的影响。为了补充这一重要研究领域,我们对认知能力稳定性的纵向研究进行了荟萃分析。荟萃分析依赖于 205 项纵向研究的数据,这些研究共涉及 87,408 名参与者,得出了 1,288 个表现变量之间的测试-重复相关系数。对于年龄为 20 岁、间隔 5 年的重测,我们发现平均秩序稳定性为 ρ = .76。平均样本年龄对稳定性的影响用一个负指数函数来描述最为恰当,学龄前儿童的稳定性较低,儿童期的稳定性快速上升,从青春期后期到成年期后期的稳定性一直较高。在对测验信度进行调整后,同样的函数形式仍能最好地描述稳定性的年龄趋势。稳定性随着测试-重复测试间隔的增加而下降。从大约 5 年的间隔开始,这种下降趋于平缓。根据年龄和间隔调节模型,只有在儿童 7 岁以上且间隔时间较短的情况下,才有望获得足以做出个人诊断决定的最低稳定性(rtt = .80)。在成人中,符合这一标准的稳定性水平可达到 5 年以上。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Psychological bulletin
Psychological bulletin 医学-心理学
CiteScore
33.60
自引率
0.90%
发文量
21
期刊介绍: Psychological Bulletin publishes syntheses of research in scientific psychology. Research syntheses seek to summarize past research by drawing overall conclusions from many separate investigations that address related or identical hypotheses. A research synthesis typically presents the authors' assessments: -of the state of knowledge concerning the relations of interest; -of critical assessments of the strengths and weaknesses in past research; -of important issues that research has left unresolved, thereby directing future research so it can yield a maximum amount of new information.
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